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Anything that is before the Early Modern Era
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Was the preliminary caliphate in Egypt, and was the home of Baghdad, the House of Wisdom. Was destroyed by the Umayyad Caliphate along with many other things
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Confucianism was invented, which led to Neo-Confucianism. This was used in the Civil Service Exam (both types). The Grand Canal was created to connect the Yellow and Yangtze River. They gained champa rice from Vietnam, which greatly increased the population. Lots of steel and porcelain exports. Used paper money
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Christianity was split into two different sects- Catholic (Central Europe), and Roman Orthodox (West Europe and Russia). Crusades were used to try and take back Muslim land.
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The Magna Carta was signed, granting everybody a fair trial
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A minority Islamic portion of India that was surrounded by Hinduism in all directions, which is why it didn't last long. Allowed for minor syncretism of Islam and Hinduism
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Genghis Khan ruled the Mongol Empire, which ended in 1227.
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Anything from 1250-1450
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The Mongols destroyed Baghdad, threatening the House of Wisdom.
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The Mongol Empire was defeated by Japan, ending its reign on the East.
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Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta traveled throughout the Middle East and Asia and were able to record their travels, giving insight in to how the world was.
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The Mongol Empire was greatly strengthened, leading to an increase of security and expansion of the Silk Road
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1279-1368. The Yuan Dynasty was one of the four Khanates after the Mongol Empire split. It practiced religious tolerance and helped integrate Mongolian and Chinese practices.
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The Ottoman Empire was founded, and last until 1923. They used janissaries in order to contribute to the military, which eventually backfired once the janissaries got too powerful. They were required to pay jizyah tax in order to practice whatever religion they wanted.
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Firearms were used by the Ottoman Empire from 1300 to 1600, showing a significant sophistication in weaponry.
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Mansa Musa traveled from the Mali Empire to Mecca in Saudi Arabia. He destroyed Egypt's economy due to massive gold inflation.
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The Aztec Empire made its capital Tenochtitlan.
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Funded mainly by the Medici family, people began to realize they could learn on their own, growing the condition of people as a whole.
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The Black Death killed 1/3 of Europe's plantations. Caused by fleas which vomited onto rats and infected them, which then proceeded to kill people. Many peasant revolts and increase in minimum wages.
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Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press, allowing for revolutions to be spread much more quickly.
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Sugar plantations began on the Madeira Islands and created the idea of cash crops.
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Zheng He voyaged throughout the Indian Ocean Trade to go on adventures. Was stopped because China was under a war and saw exploration as unnecessary.
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1428: used chinampas (floating gardens), and used human sacrifice
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Used quipu for note taking, terraced farming (waru-waru), and labor tax. Also had GREAT ROADS.
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Swahili city states flourished due to converting to Islam, allowing an in with the Indian Ocean Trade.
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Anything within the Post Classical Era
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Constantinople was sacked by the Ottoman Empire, causing it to be called Istanbul.
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Plants, animals, and diseases were exchanged from the Americas to the Europeans and vice versa. Tomatoes, potatoes, cows, horses, and smallpox are examples of stuff exchanged.
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Spain got all of the Americas, while Portugal got northeast Brazil and West Africa. This increased Portuguese power by giving it access to better trade routes.
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The first direct contact between East Africa, India, Southeast Asia, and China with Europe due to Vasco de Gama's voyages. Eventually led to cultural diffusion and syncretism.
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Not understanding Hindu temples and its difference from churches, Vasco de Gama brought a gift of minor trade goods. The ruler of Calicut laughed in their face.
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Naval battles were fought between the Ottoman Empire and Portugal. This was an attempt to remove the Ottoman Empire from naval superiority in order to increase European superiority in ocean-based trade. This opened up doors for Europe to become part of the cosmopolitan that was the Indian Ocean trade.
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Portugal seized and created coastal trade posts in sub-Saharan Brazil. They also established a colony in Brazil.
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Ferdinand Mallegan circumnavigated the globe. He started with five ships and 270 sailors. Three years later, only one ship and 18 sailors were left. Magellan was killed on an island in the Philippines.
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Hernan Cortes took over Tenochtitlan and dismantled Aztecian monuments, which allowed for the Spaniards to force people to convert to Catholicism. The sons of Aztec royalties were kidnapped and taught Catholic doctrine. Jesus and Virgin Mary were syncretized with indigenous gods. People converted either to save their lives, save themselves from disease (philosophically), or seek protection against the cruel conquistadors.
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Slaves were captured from Africa to America. They worked from sunup to sundown in awful conditioned. They were considered property. They had to be Christian. They couldn't marry. They couldn't leave without permission. They suffered from disease and death rate increased due to horrible conditions. They were often sold by African elites to Europeans. They were taken to prison-like castles before getting on ships, where they were given beans and water. When they arrived, they were sold.
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Sultan Babur created the Mughal Empire after defeating the Lodi Sultan
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Juan Diego had a religious experience on the Hill of Tepeyac and believed the Virigin Mary spoke to him in Nahuatl. The Catholic clergy loved this and made a shrine and church to "the Virgin of Guadalupe"
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Resulted in the Viceroyalty of Peru, with a capital of Lima. They had urban planning guidelines and celebrated both royal events and Christian holidays, along with Day of the Dead. They became quite a cool civilized society.
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Spain controlled Mexico, Central America, the coast of Venezuela, Spanish Caribbean, the Philippines, Northern territories of the United States, and the southern border of Alaska.
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Due to the Columbian Exchange, smallpox and other diseases such as measles and typhoid fever were spread to Native Americans who had little to no resistance against the disease. Therefore, the population of Native Americans went from 25-30 million to 1-3 million. The lack of people allowed for reforestation and a need for labor in silver mines and sugarcane plantations, creating a "need" for the Transatlantic Slave Trade.
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Portugal created an administration in Salvador, where sugar, slavery, and mining dominated the economy.
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The modern Mercator map was created during the era of European exploration, allowing for a distorted view of the world. The believed superiority of Europe made Europe bigger on the map and Africa smaller on the map
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By this point, Spain had successfully pioneered routes that sent silver to China and India via the Philippines, which drove the global market for the next two centuries
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A law was outlined to maintains social hierarchy that married Spaniards must bring their wives to the colonies or return to Spain.
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The Spanish Empire controlled the Caribbean Islands, Mexico, the Andes, the Philippines, North Africa, the Mediterranean, and eastern Canada.
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Korea and the Ming Dynasty were buddies. When the Ming Dynasty was overtaken by the Qing Dynasty. Despite trying to be neutral, the king was overthrown and they stayed faithful to the Ming Dynasty.
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Malay, Omani, Swahili, Chinese, Jewish, and especially Armenian merchants established diasporic communities, which made them ideal for communication and trade. They crossed borders, they spoke multiple different languages, and helped diversify the Indian Ocean. They dominated the spice trade.
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The Netherlands, France, and England competed with Spanish and Portugal influence. The Dutch was especially good at overseas commerce and finance.
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The first joint stock company that allowed the Netherlands to take more risks with exploration without much loss, since it allowed for people to invest a little in businesses and diversify their portfolio
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Other joint stock companies that played a major role in operations and trade for centuries. They acted as independent states, with armies, moneymaking abilities, diplomatic abilities, and war abilities.
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During the Protestant Reformation, many Puritans fled to the Americas to escape strict religious conformity.
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Potatoes from America allowed the Qing Dynasty to triple in size. There was a strong centralized government, and kept Ming political systems. They kept civil service system of the Ming. They celebrated diversity within government and used a banner system for the military. Membership, land, and income was inherited. Farming was encouraged by the government and had a very commercialized economy.
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Enslaved people often an away, denying slavers their labor. They lived inc communities in the mountains called palenques, macambos, or quilombos. Some of them had foreign relation policies with other countries. They led riots and revolts against plantations. They freed enslaved people, poisoned slavers, and burned plantations.
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England France established colonies in North American and the Caribbean
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Anne of Austria, King Louis XIV regent tried to reduce the power or regional lords. They sold government positions to the highest bidders in order to pay for wars.
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Native Americans were mad about the Spanish trying to encroach on their land. They recruited neighboring communities and revolted against the Spanish. It succeeded for 12 years.
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The "Armenian Nation" signed with the British East Indian Company. This allowed the British East India Company to have a monopoly on where Armenian merchants got to sell from and who they negotiated with. This helped limit prejudice against Europe within the Indian Ocean Trade. They signed with a network.
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There was no more land to conquer
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Europe outsourced tax collection in order to increase reliability within the Indian Ocean Trade. They were often Persian and Chinese. They were the most powerful people in a state or territory. When Bengal was conquered by the East Indian Company, they forced the rule to name the East India Company as the official tax collector.
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New Orleans was a mix of cultures, languages, and religions despite the Casta system. This was a classification of races and religions that was very fluid and allowed for people to pretend they were one thing while being another. This increased diversity and changed power throughout New Orleans.
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There was a decrease of indentured servitude in migrants, so more of the slavery was forced rather than voluntary.
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Britain abolished the slave trade