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European period marked by a cultural artistic and intellectual "rebirth" . It started in Italy during the crisis of the Late Middle Ages, rise of humanism and significant advancements in art,science and literature It had a different period and characteristics in different regions, such as the Italian Renaissance, the Northern Renaissance, the Spanish Renaissance, etc.
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Adolfo di Cambio started the construction in the 13th century,the cathedral started with a gothic style,when Di Cambio death the cathedral was postponed in 1334 with the designer Giotto, it was interrupted again in 1337 because Giotto death, it was postponed with the artist Andrea Pisano and Francesco Talenti in 1359,at the middle od the 14th century the florentine artists abandoned the gothic style and incorporated the romansesque style.Brunelleschi began the romanesque construction in 1421 -
Michelangelo Buoanarroti went to Rome at the age of 24 to seek his fortune, when he received the commission from the French cardinal Jean Bilhéres de Lagraulas, to make "the most beautiful marble work ever seen in Rome" to decorate his tomb, the sculpture was ready the following year in 1498 and is now in St. Peter's Basilica in Rome -
painted by the artist Raphael, in the Stanza della Segnatura, a room in the private apartments of Pope Julius II in the Vatican. It is perhaps the most famous of all Raphael's paintings and one of the most significant works of the Renaissance
Raphael was summoned to Rome towards the end of 1508 by Julius II at the suggestion of the architect Donato Bramante. At that time, Raphael was little known in Rome, but the young man soon made a deep impression.Raphael ends the painting in 1509 -
The Catholic Monarchs (Isabel de Castilla and Fernando de Aragon) had a daughter named Juana who married felipe the Handsome . This marriage had several children, including Carlos I. Carlos inherited the Crown of Castile and the Crown of Aragon from his maternal grandparents. From his father, he inherited the Netherlands, the Free County of Burgundy, and the Habsburg territories in Austria. Furthermore, upon the death of his grandfather Maximilian I, he received the title of Emperor Carlos V.
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It was a major uprising against Charles I. The revolt arose from political, social, and economic tensions, foreign court appointments, and increased taxes. It formed a coalition led by councilman Juan de Padilla, uniting several cities in opposition. After failed revolutionary attempts, the revolt culminated in military defeat in a battle in 1521.
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It was an agreement signed in 1555 in the Holy Roman Empire to end the conflicts between Lutherans and Catholics. It was inaugurated in Augsburg on February 5, 1555. Charles V called the assembly, but did not participate in the religious commitments. He authorized his brother Ferdinand, it was determined that no prince of the empire should make war on another and that this peace should remain in force until the churches were reunited. -
Felipe son of Emperor Carlos V, added the territories attached to the Portuguese Crown to the monarchy in 1580. Felipe inherited the Spanish Empire from his father in 1556 and ascended to the Portuguese throne in 1580 after a dynastic crisis, thanks to his marriage to Maria I. Between 1554 and 1558, he became king by marriage of England and Ireland. During his reign, Spain participated in great victories against the Ottomans.During the Eighty Years' War, Felipe signed the Treaty of Joinville.
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After the conquest of Granada by the Catholic Monarchs, the Muslims were forced to convert to Christianity or emigrate. This provoked numerous reactions against the monarchs. The nobleman Fernando de Córdoba emerged as a leader of the Moors, being crowned King of the Alpujarras. The rebels received help from the Ottoman Empire. After internal disputes among the Moors, the Moriscos were finally expelled from Granada and went to Castile, where they were forced to work under harsh conditions.
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It was a war between the Seventeen Provinces of the Netherlands and Philip II of Spain. It began with the failed attacks led by William of Orange in 1568. Spanish forces, under Alexander Farnese, recaptured much of the territory. Spain's wars against England and France allowed the Dutch to counterattack in 1576. The Twelve Years' Truce began in 1609. Fighting resumed in 1621 and became part of the Thirty Years' War. The war ended in 1648, when the Netherlands gained its independence.
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It was an alliance based on an agreement made on 23 January 1579 between several Dutch provinces and cities to reach a joint compromise against King Philip II of Spain. By joining forces, they hoped to force him to stop his harsh administrative measures. In addition, some important political matters were regulated in areas such as defense, taxation, and religion. During the Eighty Years' War (1568–1648), it was preceded by a whole series of unions, edicts, and pacts. -
was an alliance formed by Catholic provinces in the southern Netherlands in January 1579, during the Eighty Years' War. Signed in response to aggressive Calvinist actions,They signed a declaration on January 6, 1579, stating their intention to offer a vigorous defense of the Roman Catholic religion against what they considered Calvinist encroachments into other provinces. These begin negotiations for a separate peace with the Spanish Crown, resulting in the Treaty of Arras of May 17, 1579. -
commanded by Alonso de Guzmán, Its purpose was to restore Catholicism in England,h and prevent attacks by English and Dutch against the Spanish. The were faster and more maneuverable than the Spanish galleons and larger, their ships were able to attack the Armada, the Armada arrived in Calais intact, but was attacked at night by English fire ships. 24 ships were wrecked en route before the rest managed to get home. weather conditions and battle tactics also affected the part of the English. -
Is the painting associated with the Baroque cultural movement.Is often identified with Absolutism, the Counter-Reformation, and the Catholic Revival. flourished in Europe and America from the late 16th century to the mid-18th century.It is characterized by its drama, movement, and emotional intensity. It has great drama, rich, deep colors, intense light, and dark shadows. the greatest painters of the Baroque period are Velázquez, Caravaggio, Rembrandt, Rubens, Poussin, Vermeer, and Caravaggio.
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Is a,Baroque-style marble sculpture by the Italian artist Gian Lorenzo Bernini made between 1622 and 1625. The sculpture was the last work commissioned by Cardinal Scipione that helped define Baroque sculpture. The bulk of the work was carried out between 1622 and 1623, but a break, interrupted its completion, and the artist didn't finish the work until 1625. Bernini didn't complete the sculpture himself; he received assistance from Giuliano Finelli. He undertook the finer details -
It is a painting by Diego Velázquez, preserved in the Museo Nacional del Prado. This work is one of the greatest exponents of Spanish Baroque painting and is considered one of the greatest examples of Velázquez's mastery. Also known as The Fable of Arachne, the painting is about the mythological story of the contest between the goddess Athena and the mortal woman Arachne. -
St. Peter's Square was designed by architect Gian Lorenzo Bernini between 1656 and 1667, under the direction of Pope Alexander VII, as a proper forecourt, designed "so that the greatest number of people could see the Pope give his blessing, either from the center of the church facade or from a window in the Vatican Palace." It was completed in 1667, after eleven years of intense work.
In the center of the square stands the Vatican obelisk. -
It is a widespread and influential movement in painting and the visual arts, which began in the 1760s and lasted until the 1840s and 1850s. Neoclassicism in the arts is based on the art of Greece and Rome. Neoclassicism arose in part as a reaction against the sensual and excessively decorative Rococo style.
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In 1784, Louis XVI commissioned Jacques-Louis David to paint a life-size depiction of the ancient Roman story about the Horatii family, who vowed to fight against the Curiatii. This famous painting is currently in the Louvre Museum in Paris. Painted in 1784 and 1785. -
Charles IV of Spain and His Family is a painting by the Spanish artist Francisco Goya. He began working on the painting in 1800 and completed it in the summer of 1801. The portrait features life-size representations of Charles IV of Spain and his family.
The group portrait was completed a year after Goya became Court Painter, the highest position available to a Spanish artist and previously held by Diego Velázquez.