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• Out of Africa (~200,000 – 60,000 years ago)
• Modern humans (Homo sapiens) originated in Africa.
• Groups began migrating out between 60,000–80,000 years ago, spreading across Asia, Europe, and later the Americas. -
(~21,000 – 17,000 years ago)
• Suggests that people from Ice Age Europe (Solutrean culture) crossed the Atlantic along ice sheets using boats.
• Very controversial and not widely accepted -
(~20,000 – 15,000 years ago)
• Early people traveled by boat along the Pacific coastlines of Asia and the Americas.
• Explains how humans could have reached the Americas before inland ice-free corridors opened. -
(Beringia) (~16,000 – 13,000 years ago)
• Humans crossed from Siberia to Alaska via the Bering Land Bridge exposed during the Ice Age.
• Most traditional theory for the first peopling of the Americas.