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socialism emerged as a response to industrialization, as many opposed the poor working conditions of laborers and wanted better conditions
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First-wave feminism emerged as a result of women's increased awareness of their legal, social, and economic place. The Seneca Falls Convention in 1848 is considered the start, and women started to think more seriously about their subordination.
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Social Darwinism came out of Darwinism, as people applied Darwin's ideas of survival of the fittest to human society. It was caused by a misapplication of his theories, and justified racism and imperialism