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Dominance of Gregorian chant (monophony) and the emergence of polyphony (Antiqua/Nova). Secular music of troubadours and minstrels. -
plendor of vocal polyphony, greater contrapuntal complexity, and the rise of instrumental music. -
The birth of opera, basso continuo, and the tonal system. Key composers: Bach, Vivaldi, Handel. -
A search for balance, symmetry, and clarity. Development of the symphony and the piano. Key figures: Mozart, Haydn, Beethoven. -
Intense emotional expression, creative freedom, and large orchestras. Chopin, Liszt, Wagner, and Tchaikovsky are prominent figures. -
Emphasis on timbre and atmosphere, with Debussy as a reference. -
Extreme diversification: atonality, dodecaphony, electronic music, jazz, rock, and technology-driven popular music.
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