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A thaumatrope is a toy that was popular in the 19th century. A disk with a picture on each side is attached to two pieces of string. When the strings are twirled quickly between the fingers the two pictures appear to blend into one due to the persistence of vision. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thaumatrope
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the art or practice of taking and processing photographs.
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The phenakistoscope (also spelled phenakistiscope or phenakitiscope) was an early animation device that used the persistence of vision principle to create an illusion of motion. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenakistoscope
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The zoetrope is the third major optical toy, after the thaumatrope and phenakistoscope, that uses the persistence of motion principle to create an illusion of motion. It consists of a simple drum with an open top, supported on a central axis. courses.ncssm.edu/gallery/collections/toys/html/exhibit10.htm
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The praxinoscope was an animation device, the successor to the zoetrope. It was invented in France in 1877 by Charles-Émile Reynaud. Like the zoetrope, it used a strip of pictures placed around the inner surface of a spinning cylinder. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praxinoscope
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n 1888, George Eastman invented dry, transparent, and flexible, photographic film (or rolled photography film) and the Kodak cameras that could use the new film.
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Phantasmagoria was a form of theatre which used a modified magic lantern to project frightening images such as skeletons, demons, and ghosts onto walls, smoke, or semi-transparent screens, frequently using rear projection. Wikipedia
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Bobby Bumps was the titular character of a series of silent animated short subjects produced by Bray Productions from 1915-25. Inspired by R. F. Outcault's Buster Brown, Bobby Bumps was a little boy who, accompanied by his dog Fido, regularly found himself in and out of mischief. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Bumps
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is an animation technique in which animators trace over footage, frame by frame, for use in live-action and animated films.
