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Tavern songs, love songs, hunting songs (with animal sounds), satirical criticisms of society and the Church, themes of chivalry love, songs about the Crusades, dancing songs, spinning (work) songs.
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Textures: A cappella (vocal), polyphony, imitation, homophony
Forms Techniques: purely sacred motet, the secular madrigal, mass ordinary vs. mass proper, pop-tune masses, musical borrowing, word painting, clear harmonic structure, secular instrumental music (written), music for groups called "consorts", schools for instrumental virtuosity. -
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French Huguenots English Pilgrims (1620) and Puritans (1607).
Psalmody: monophonic and without instruments -
Techniques: Improvisation, ornamentation, "spinning melodies", driving and energetic rhythms, contrasts (numbers of players, dynamics, tempos, tone colors, etc.), complex polyphony (e.g. the fugue), imitation, "Doctrine of Affections", movements as a structural force, monodic texture (using figured bass played by a basso continuo) Forms: Opera, oratorio, cantata, concerto, dance suites (as concert pieces NOT to be danced to).
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“L'Orfeo", by C. Monteverdi. Called for a specific instrumentation = the beginning of the orchestra.
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Demonstrated a “medieval Catholic” way of treating psalmody: be able to sing multiple Bible verses with just a few melodies. The melodies only exist to serve as a vehicle for contemplating the words of Scripture.
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First full-length book printed in the English-speaking American colonies.
The content of the music was further simplified.
The technique of Lining-Out began. -
Originally called a "fortepiano". By 1730 most elite Europeans had and played a piano.
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Based on British song. By the early 1700s, ballads were published on broadsides.
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Masquerades: Catholic feast of indulgence, brought with and performed by the upper-class white settlers. Canboulay: Slaves’ own version of Carnival celebrations. (Slaves were not allowed to associated with whites.) Origination of the “chantwell” - a male singer improvising songs to introduce his fighter before a stickfighting match.
This evolved into “kalinda bands” that would support the singer with African drums and other instruments. -
Including "Harmoniemusik groups” of wind instruments playing European classical music, as well as drum and fife military bands.
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A result of the Lining-Out vs. Old Way Singing controversy: “Regular Singing” style is born. Presented music as an art requiring a technical background. These schools were devoted to rudimentary singing and note-reading skills.
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Featuring a mix of European art music for large ensembles, chamber ensembles, and voice.
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White protestants began to see blacks as potential Christians, allowing blacks to be taught Christian singing.
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As a result of singing schools, people wanted more interesting music to sing.
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"Gallant Style": graceful, balanced, polite, symmetrical, logical - reaction against the extravagance of the Baroque period. Techniques: Easy-to-remember melodies, homophony (tuneful melodies with simple harmonic accompaniment), unpredictable rhythms, contrasting moods (fluctuated often), gradual dynamic changes. Forms: Classical symphony (including sonata form, minuet-and-trio form, rondo form, and theme-and-variations form), string quartet, comic opera,
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“Seven Songs for Harpsichord or Forte Piano” by Franics Hopkinson
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Americans start settling undiscovered territories and establishing new towns.
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“The Disappointment” by Andrew Barton
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A collection of over 100 original songs that struck a uniquely American chord, featuring songs named after American towns and churches as well as patriotic and anti-British themes of freedom and liberty.
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Americans were less inclined to find spiritual guidance in Puritanism. Thus the performance of sacred American tunes became popular outside of church as well as inside.
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“The Death Song of the Cherokee Indians” is published and becomes popular.
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Birth of camp-style revivials, during which black attendees were given space to sing, praise, and worship in their own way. It was a rare social event where whites and blacks interacted as partners, where whites accepted the customs of black expression.
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Shape notes simplified notation and became especially popular in the American south. It created an equality between city-dwellers and uneducated rural folks.
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…gives rise to blackface minstrel shows.
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Accompanied by European dance music like waltzes, polkas, and marches.
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Minstrel songs, patriotic songs, separation songs, nostalgia songs, social reform songs. Post-Civil War songs sheet music included nostalgia songs, drinking songs, and western songs.
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First American psalter assembled by a black author for a black congregation. Included sections of call-and-response.
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Style: imagination, supernatural, horror stories, nature, human passion, fascination with the Medieval and Renaissance periods, individuality, nationalism, exoticism, virtuosity, program music.
Techniques: thematic transformation of melody, chromatic harmony, expanded dynamics, rubato tempo, both giant forms and miniature forms, unusual time signatures, unusual instruments, folk music influences.
Forms: art song, song cycles, concert overture, tone poem, incidental music, program symphony. -
Former slaves were now allowed to participate in the Carnival celebrations, making them truly wild and free events!
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The first key system for brass was invented in 1814, and th episton valve system in use today was invented in 1838.
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…later to be called the New York Philharmonic (the professional orchestra). This was the first US professional orchestra with permanent membership.
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One of the best-selling tune books in American publishing history. Used shape note notation. Included traditional sacred songs as well as new hymns constructed from secular tunes. The arrangements are very raw and unpolished sounding--using lots of parallel fifths (very un-European), multiple text repetitions, and thick homophonic textures.
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“Leonora” by William Henry Fry
The premier production in Philadelphia featured solo vocalists, a seventy-member chorus, and a fifty-member orchestra and was immediately successful. -
Almost half the American population began settling the west by this point!
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Thanks to industrial advancements.
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The US became the world’s leading industrialized nation.
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The first anthology of black spirituals collected in an effort of preservation. The work of these three authors led them to witness another black plantation worship tradition: the ring shout.
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Based on the singing of freed slaves given sanctuary at Fort Monroe in 1861, but “watered down” to be accessible to white listeners.
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…leading to the development of “tamboo bamboo” bands - rhythms creating with bamboo sticks being struck on the ground instead of drums.
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Became a popular song of Black Culture.
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Beginning of mass production and aggressive sales of new sheet music.
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Wind bands, orchestras, military brass bands, and Russian opera singers held the public’s attention through the new medium until the 1920s.
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…spurring a controversy about “what is American music?”, and leading to a new style celebrating Native American sound called the Indianist Movement.
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Written composer, pianist, and first woman conductor, Chiquinha Gonzaga
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…among both whites and blacks through sheet music, gramophone recordings, and player-piano piano-rolls.
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The population becmae more integrated.
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…around 1900 in New Orleans: a blend of ragtime and West African and French Baroque styles. Wasn’t called “jazz” until 1915.
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New harmonies and rhythms, alternate tonalities, big focus on tone colors, jazz, world cultures, percussion sounds, irregular melody, electronics, computers, music no longer catering to listeners’ expectations, using old tools in new ways, the recording industry.
Impressionism, primitivism, expressionism, free atonality, serialism (12-tone), aleatorism, minimalism... -
The first full-length, black-produced, black-composed, and black-performed show to make a successful run at a Broadway theater, as well as throughout Great Britain and the United States.
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George M. Cohan is considered the father of musical comedy in the United States.
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…as a black response to intensifying segregation laws in the south. W.C. Handy penned the first notated blues songs in 1914.
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Brazilian samba = European and African dance music + Brazilian percussion rhythms
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…done by the Original Dixieland Jazz Band (ODJB).
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Thanks to the successful broadcast of the 1920 presidentaiul election from radio KDKA in Pittsburgh, 340,000 people purchased a new radio throughout the following year.
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Danzón = West African rhythms + European dances like the waltz or minuet
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The first recording of a blues song sung by a balck singer. It was hugely successful and started the scramble of record companies to make “race records” and female-led blues recordings.
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White gospel thrived in rural areas and integrated aspects of rural country music. Black gospel thrived in cities and integrated elements of blues and jazz.
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White bandleaders led groups playing polished arrangements of blues rhythms and minimal improvisation. Meanwhile, country and western flourished, founding the Grand Ole Opry.
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Calypso tents become the popular venue for chantwell performances, some charging fees for attendance and spurring on the first calypso recordings.
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Male-female relationships started changing, and female blues singers sang openly about women’s issues like sex, opposition to traditional marriage roles, poverty, adultery, violence, etc.
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In New York around 1920, black intellectuals began a cultural movement now referred to as the Harlem Renaissance, which was an attempt to break through the wall of racism via art by showing that black artists could master classic, prestigious, European forms and techniques.
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…giving a big boost to the recording industry and changing singing styles.
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It allowed people throughout the country to hear the various styles that existed.
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A focus on melody, converstaional texts, interesting harmonies in the accompaniment, and de-emphasized rhythm.
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Faster, more Afro-Cuban, more ostinatos, improvised flute solos, ensembles start adding congas and cowbell.
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A reaction to the perceived “watering down” of Carnaval samba’s quality. This authentic, grassroots style of samba survived in the favelas and became a contrast to the more commercial samba, surviving into the 1970s.
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Arturo Toscanini led the NBC Orchestra, the first orchestra to perform regularly on nationwide radio (1937-1954).
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A reaction against the commercialization of big bands. Used small ensembles of 4 to 6 musicians; the audience was expected to listen, as in the tradition of art music performances.
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Woodie Guthrie collected, preserved, and composed hundreds of folk songs that treated politics, racism, corporate hypocrisy, and other social issues with a stark frankness that inspired singers like Pete Seeger in the 1950s and Bob Dylan in the 1960s.
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Takes all the advertising dollars away from radio, as well as all the shows that were once on radio (like soap operas, detective shows, comedy shows, etc.). This left radio with the freedom to start exploring the airing of black artists’ RB for the underground teenage market.
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During WW2, instrument makers experimentd with empty oil drums used during the war to make the first steel drums and steel pans.
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Cha Cha Chá is a lighter Afro-Cuban style with slower tempos, blatantly clear andf steady beat, more transparent textures - specficially geared toward non-Latin, amateur dancers. Mambo is faster and more aggressive; became popular alongside the rise of rock and roll. Ensembles include big band/swing jazz instruments.
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Hard Bop, Cool Jazz (reaction against bebop), Folk Music Revival, Blues Revival/Electric Blues, Bluegrass, RB, Rockabilly
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Cleveland DJ Alan “Moondog" Freed noticed that teenagers in the Midwest were purchasing and enjoying black RB records in surprising numbers, so he began airing these records on his radio show, giving birth to the term “rock and roll” as well as the traditional style of “DJ talk” that became pravelnt on music radio. He reached out to white teenagers like no one else had.
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Influential 20th century event.
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Doo-wop, Girl Groups, Soul, Soul Jazz, Motown, Funk, The British Invasion, Surfing and Hot Rod Music, Folk and Protest Music, Free Jazz, Acid Rock
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Favored music of Carnaval, replacing marches.
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Modern mambo: Latin rock feel, addition of electric guitar and drum set. Salsa: New York City style Afro-Cuban.
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Fusion Jazz, Reggae and Modern Ska, Heavy Metal, Rock and Heavy Metal Theatre, Disco, the Various Rocks (blues-rock, folk-rock, country-rock, punk-rock, art/progressive rock)
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Hip-hop was created by DJ Kool Herc in 1973 and constructed with turntables, looped beats, and drum breaks from funk songs. It developed its own culture and became associated with hip-hop fashion, break dancing, and artistic graffiti. During the late '70s and early ‘80s MCs would start rapping live over the DJ's groove.
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When 1979's "Rapper's Delight" became a commercial success, it opened the door for hip-hop/rap to become a mainstream genre. Rappers quickly left the DJs behind (as record labels were reluctant to pay a live DJ as opposed to programming a background beat with a drum machine), but turntablists still create live-performance hip-hop for festivals and other performance events.
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Post-Punk Rock, Hardcore Rock, Synth-Rock Electro-Pop, Soul-Pop, Techno, Pop-Metal, Mainstream Rock, Neo-Trad. Jazz, Speed Metal, Rap Hip-Hop
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Smooth and Urban Jazz, Country Rock, Grunge and Alternative Rock, Electronica, Gangsta Rap, RB Rap, Heavy Metal Rap, Jazz: Acid, Nu, and Rap
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And the mp3 is solidified as an effective digital format in 1992.
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“Until It Sleeps” by Metallica.