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John Locke, an English philosopher is considered to be the founder of modern educational philosophy. His contribution has the acceptance of individual differences and in giving children reason. He also came up with "Clean Slate" that points to the effect of the environment on learning.
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Johann wrote the first picture book for children called "Orbis Pictus" (the world of pictures), it was a guide for teachers which included training of the senses and the study of nature. He believed that education should follow the natural order of things.
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Pestalozzi stressed the idea of an integrated curriculum that would develop the whole child. He wanted education to be the hand, heart, and head of the child. He proposed that practical skills should be taught in school.
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau is most known for his book Emile, he wrote about a hypothetical child growing up to adulthood. He reasoned that education should reflect goodness and allow kids to do spontaneous interests and activities.
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Schooling for young children leads to social change and improvement. The Head Start and High Scope programs all tried to improve children's health and physical well-being.
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Robert moved to the Midwest to start a school in a community, and while his school didn't make it his idea did. British schools started for 5-8-year-olds and were the concept of infant schools. Infant school society was then incorporated into American kindergartens.
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Friedrich is known as the "Father of Kindergarten", in German kindergarten is known as a "children's garden" and he wanted this for 6-year-olds and under of age because he wanted them to have this because his childhood was unhappy so he resolved that early childhood education should be pleasant.
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The first kindergarten was created in 1837 by Froebel. 20 years later in 1856 Margarethe Schurz who was a student of Froebel opened a kindergarten in the United States in her home for German-speaking kids.
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The Montessori method is both a philosophy of child development and a plan for guiding growth since there's a belief that education begins at birth and the early years are the most important. Nobody had any medical background before so Maria's background added credibility to her findings and she gained recognition to the US.
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Steiner theorized that childhood is a phase of life that is important and the environment must be planned to protect and nurture the child. His philosophy emphasized that children's spiritual development and imagination are creative gifts.
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Nursery schools fostered children's total development. The schools had a child-centered approach, active learning, and social cooperation. These schools served middle to upper class kids but until the 1960s they served few poor families.
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The introduction of media and technology is intense with its speed and influence but it's here to stay. Brain development and neuroscience must be blended with technology we are using now and beyond.
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Sputnik was the Soviet satellite (the first successful space launch in the world) but this caused an upheaval in education. Two questions were asked 1- why were we not first in space? and 2- what is wrong with our schools? The emphasis in education quickly settled on science, math, and engineering. They realized it was time for a change in American education, for social equity and cognitive achievement.
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Neill shared Roussea's belief in noninterference as he stated "I believe that a child is innately wise and realistic. If left to himself without adult suggestion of any kind he will develop as far as he is capable of developing." Neill's belief in freedom was practiced in his school where kids governed themselves.
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Head Start began in 1965 it was a program that aimed to provide educational, social, mental health, medical, dental, and nutritional services to preschool children from a diverse population of low-income students. Head Start is now the largest publicly funded school program for young children.
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High Scope was made to address the effects of poverty on children's development and to focus attention on the cognitive aspect of learning. Two studies were funded by the government to see the effects of different educational approaches.
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The standards-based movement of early learning includes the identification and monitoring of quality indicators as well as an emphasis in data driven decision making.
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DAP articulated early education principles of standard teaching practices that enhanced the growth of a whole child which included age, family, and individual elements.
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No Child Left Behind was created in 2001 by president George Busch, he created this so no child felt disadvantaged by getting left behind in a previous grade.