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Magnetic (disk and tape), physical (punched tape and cards), optical (CD, DVD, and holograms), and semiconductor (RAM and Flash) technologies are described, together with examples of numerous experimental approaches that were tried and found wanting.
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Random-access memory is a form of electronic computer memory that can be read and changed in any order, typically used to store working data and machine code. A random-access memory device allows data items to be read or written in almost the same amount of time irrespective of the physical location of data inside the memory.
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The CPU has undergone many transformations to become what it looks like today. The first major challenge it faced dates back to the early 2000s when the battle for performance was in full swing.