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definition: native-like control of both languages
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In the 1950s, the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) introduced measures to address the linguistic diversity in the region, particularly regarding the Sorbian language.
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definition: producing complete and meaningful sentences in more than one language
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A speaker has one highly developed language, and one in the early stages of development (incident bilingual)
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definition: the use of at least two languages either by an individual or a group of speakers
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Lambert and his colleagues at McGill University developed Canadian Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency for the needs of bilingual students - first immersion school started
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Anyone who possesses minimal competence in only one of the four skills other than their mother tongue is bilingual.
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Language Act of 1967
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definition: simply as when a speaker can produce the language
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definition: "the alternative use of two or more languages by the same individual"
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An individual who uses two or more languages alternatively.
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Someone with a communicative competence in more than one languages
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definition: the alternative usage of two languages
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Bilingual Education Act - children developing English should have a different educational program never required bilingual education
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proposed two types of school bilingualism: subtractive and additive
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Bilinguals are not two monolinguals in one person
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definitions:
- "the presence of at least two languages
- within one and the same speaker, remembering that ability in these languages may or may not be equal -
Those being able to use two or more languages, not necessarily at the equal level of competence
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Constitution Act, 1982 guarantees legal equality of English and French
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Maori Language Act of 1987
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the regular use of two (or more) languages
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people who use two or more languages in their daily lives
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translanguaging
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by the Ministry of Education
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the Education Act of 1998 acknowledges two official languages: Irish (Gaeilge) and English.
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Bilingualism: the representaion of mini-grammars; hence, Universal Bilingualism
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A person who is equally proficient in both languages and cognitive gains
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No Children Left Behind
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uses the term "languaging"
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heteroglossic model of bilingualism - the recursive dynamic model and dynamic model
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China formally introduced a policy of “bilingual education” in for schools in all minority areas in China
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dynamic bi / plurilingual education