-
the Court unanimously ruled that racial segregation in public schools was unconstitutional, overturning the "separate but equal" doctrine from Plessy v. Ferguson.
exposed systemic racism, mobilized mass nonviolent resistance, and forced the federal government to dismantle Jim Crow segregation and guarantee equal rights, shifting public opinion and securing legislative victories for Black Americans. -
He was shopping at a store owned by Roy and Carolyn Bryant—and someone said he possibly whistled at Mrs. Bryant, a white woman. At some point around August 28, he was kidnapped, beaten, shot in the head, had a large metal fan tied to his neck with barbed wire, and was thrown into the Tallahatchie River. To expose systemic racism, mobilized mass nonviolent resistance -
Rosa Parks's refusal to give up her bus seat in Montgomery, Alabama, on December 1, 1955, sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott, a 381-day protest where African Americans refused to ride city buses, demanding fair treatment and an end to segregation, ultimately leading to a Supreme Court ruling that outlawed segregated buses. because it used nonviolent protest to dismantle systemic racial segregation and disenfranchisement, leading to landmark laws like the Civil Rights Act of 1964. -
The Little Rock Nine were nine Black students who faced intense hostility in 1957 when they became the first African Americans to integrate Little Rock Central High School in Arkansas. because it used nonviolent protest to dismantle systemic racial segregation and disenfranchisement, leading to landmark laws like the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965. -
four Black AT University students sat at a segregated lunch counter demanding service, sparking a nonviolent protest against segregation that grew to hundreds of students, faced abuse, and led to a boycott, ultimately forcing the lunch counter to desegregate by July 1960. because it used nonviolent protest to dismantle systemic racial segregation and disenfranchisement, leading to landmark laws like the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965, -
a 1961 civil rights protest where interracial groups rode buses through the segregated South to challenge non-enforcement of Supreme Court rulings banning segregated public buses and terminals, facing brutal violence, firebombings, and arrests,and beatings, ultimately forcing the federal government to intervene and issue regulations banning segregation in bus terminals. it used nonviolent protest to dismantle systemic racial segregation and disenfranchisement. -
Was a powerful defense of nonviolent civil disobedience written in April 1963 while he was imprisoned for protesting segregation in Birmingham, Alabama, responding directly to white clergymen who criticized his tactics as "unwise and untimely".it used nonviolent protest to dismantle systemic racial segregation and disenfranchisement, leading to landmark laws like the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965. -
a massive, peaceful civil rights demonstration where over 250,000 people gathered at the Lincoln Memorial to demand equal rights, jobs, and an end to discrimination. it used nonviolent protest to dismantle systemic racial segregation and disenfranchisement, leading to landmark laws like the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965. -
The violent blast ripped through the wall, killing four African-American girls on the other side and injuring more than 20 inside the church. It was a clear act of racial hatred: the church was a key civil rights meeting place and had been a frequent target of bomb threats. it used nonviolent protest to dismantle systemic racial segregation and disenfranchisement, leading to landmark laws like the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965. -
the House passed the Twenty-fourth Amendment, outlawing the poll tax as a voting requirement in federal elections, by a vote of 295 to 86. it used nonviolent protest to dismantle systemic racial segregation and disenfranchisement, leading to landmark laws like the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965. -
law that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, effectively ending legal segregation and Jim Crow laws by banning unequal application of voter registration, segregating public places (hotels, restaurants, theaters), and discrimination in employment and education. it used nonviolent protest to dismantle systemic racial segregation and disenfranchisement, leading to landmark laws like the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965. -
the violent attack by Alabama state troopers on peaceful civil rights marchers, led by John Lewis and Hosea Williams, attempting to cross the Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma, demanding voting rights. it used nonviolent protest to dismantle systemic racial segregation and disenfranchisement, leading to landmark laws like the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965. -
was landmark U.S. legislation signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson that banned discriminatory voting practices, like literacy tests and poll taxes, which had disenfranchised Black voters, especially in the South. it used nonviolent protest to dismantle systemic racial segregation and disenfranchisement, leading to landmark laws like the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965. -
was a landmark U.S. Supreme Court case where the Court unanimously struck down state laws banning interracial marriage, finding them unconstitutional violations of the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection and Due Process Clauses, leading to their appeal and a decision that recognized the freedom to marry as a fundamental right. it used nonviolent protest to dismantle systemic racial segregation and disenfranchisement.