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slide 94 pg. 166
900s- Turkish nomads began to seize the wealth of settled societies and build imperial states
750-950- large numbers of Seljuq Turks served in Abbasid armies and lived in Abbasid
1050- Seljuqs overshadow Abbasid caliphs
1055- caliph recognized Seljuq leader Tughril Beg as Sultan
last two centuries of Abbasid- caliphs were figureheads -
slide 94 pg. 166
by 500- many Turks to Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Manichaeism
early 800s- first converts: Turkish nomads captured by Abbasid and made slave soldiers
late 900s- Turkish ruling clan Seljuqs converted to Islam, probably to ally with Abbasid since they moved to Persia not long after
900s-1300s- most Turkish clans adopted Islam -
Turks and Mongols forged close links between neighboring lands by fostering cross-cultural communication/exchange.
Military campaigns of nomadic peoples were destructive. -
slide 94 pg. 166
early 1000s- many Turkish, led by Seljuqs, people went into Anatolia
1071- Battle Manzikert
Turks entered Anatolia freely
Anatolian peasants resented Byzantines, so Turks were liberators
Turks set up their own political/social institutions, taxed and restricted Byzantine church, welcomed converts to Islam with opportunities -
early 1000s- Ghaznavid Turks, led by Mahmud of Ghazni, began campaigns to plunder India
1200- sultanate of Delhi controls all of Northern India
challenges: Hindu princes, had to defend from new Turkish or Mongol invaders
large army with elephants, but couldn't expand -
slide 94 pg. 166
Tughril first consolidated his rule at Abbasid capital Baghdad
Tughril and successors expanded Turkish rule to Syria, Palestine, and others
1055- caliph recognized Seljuq leader Tughril Beg as Sultan
last two centuries of Abbasid- caliphs were figureheads -
slide 94 pg. 166
Seljuq forces devastatingly defeated Byzantine army and took Byzantine emperor captive -
early 1300s- Mongols had the largest empire ever: from Korea to China and Russia to Hungary
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(dates are ish)
online textbook 90 pg. 161-162
jeweler/goldsmith native to Paris
1230s- went to Budapest, part of the Hungary kingdom, invaded by Mongols
1242- Mongols left Hungary, taking Guillaume Boucher with them
Next 15 yrs- Boucher lived at Karakorum, the Mongol capital, as a slave with some prestige and enough freedom to marry a French women.
Mongols often resettled people who were skilled, which encouraged Eurasian integration by forcibly fostering exchanges. -
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Turkish groups migrated to Persia, Anatolia, and India, and overcame existing authorities to establish new states.
Most of India, much of central Asia, all of Anatolia, and a good portion of eastern Europe under Turkish control. -
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A Chinese dynasty replaced the Mongol state in China, which focused its resources on its central Asian frontier due to the possibility of Mongol revival.
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slide 94 pg. 166
at this time, Anatolia was largely a Turkish and Islamic land