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British were horrified by stories of massacres, tortures, the press depicted the British as heros e.g General Henry Havelock who recaptured Cawnpore in July, so much so that the British public paid for his statue - but ignored atrocities committed by British
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featured over 28,000 exhibitors from 36 countries - displayed wide range of technology
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increased the vote to part of urban malw working class, franchise extended to 2.5 million men
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new intensity about empire emerged frojm strategic rivalry with other powers
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society which promoted colonial and indian affairs
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disraeli - nations duty to be imperialist, suggests its in the interest of the people and only the conservatives can deliver this
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Disraeli wanted to extend the Indian raj by making Afghanistan also a client state -> fear of russian advances Robert Lytton (viceroy of india) launched an invasion in 1878 – 10,000 british losses but ultimate victory -> north west frontier
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stories of adventure and bravery, featue from Colonel Baden powell who participated in invasion of Ndeble territory
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1880 due to setbacks in invasion of Afghanistan and failures at zulu war
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gladstone condemned Disraeli for encouraging the British public to display a ‘lust for glory, aggressiveness, and chauvinism'. Campaigning door to door.
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Daily telegraph sensationally recounted that the rebels had killed 'all the christians they could find' The press made Gladstone's decision to intervene easier. Intervention too late he was named 'murderer of Gordon'
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extended vote to 5.5 million men
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Gladstone sympathised with Irish, tried 3 times to pass through parliament but it faile. Split up the liberal party
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william digby set up in London for the purpose of raising awareness about Indian grievances in the British Parliament and Press
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alfred harmsworth/lord northcliffe
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celebrated with much pomp and grandeur
Edward elgar composed the imperial march -
critic of empire Wilfred Blunt - imitation of rudyard kiplings poem
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7000 members in 1900, set up by Howard Handley Spicer,
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womens groups, non-political, promote closer ties
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a day of festivities to reinforce the imperial image and celebrate Queen victoria,
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under conservatives
feature of national efficiency -
free school meals 1906, school medical check ups 1907, old age pensions 1908, unemployment and health insurance 1911
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Alfred Milner - closer poltiical ties between Britain and its dominons
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John Reith
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gov paid half of the £2.2million cost, the sports stadium remains the permanent legacy of the exhibiton, 'ethnic villages' were displayed, 17 million attended, and another 9mil in 1925. Edward Elgar again
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used empire as exotic backdrop
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12 million attended
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according to survey
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gave british citenzenship to everyone in empire and commonwealth
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802 caribbeans immigrate to Britain, Labour gov't tried to divert the ship calling it an 'incursion'
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ground-breaking boy’s comic Eagle, explicitly informed its writers that foreigners were not to be depicted as either enemies or villains
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remaining economic and political ties
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replaced empire games from 30s
multi-sport, international competition -
carribbean - 115,000
west africa - 25,000
India and Pakistan - 55,000 -
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white singers portrayed racially stereotyped African-American characters while wearing ‘blackface’ makeup, was a popular light entertainment show that ran from 1958 until the late 1970s.
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very anti-immigration, only won 8% of vote but spread white extremism
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imperial messages - hinted that colonisaiton of india was necessary, example of how imperial themes continued despite decline of popularity.
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in a survey taken by the Union movement 90% of people supported legislation to curb immigration
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controlling non-white immigration to appease the elctorate
12 months following it only 34k arrived compared to an average of 50k before -
annual
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to co-ordinate activities
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did not include in housing or employment and did not make incitment to race hatred illegal