from the Americas to Afro-Eurasia = maize, potatoes, squash, tomatoes - which caused increased quality of life and nutrition in Afro-Eurasia
from Afro-Eurasia to the Americas = farm animals, sugarcane - which spread new diseases among indigenous people in the Americas
1492
The Great Dying
about 90% of the indigenous population died
mostly due to the spread of European diseases
1493
Treaty of Tordesillas
the catholic pope divided the Western hemisphere between lands to be conquered by Spain and Portugal, respectively
revised the line of demarcation
1521
Ponce de Leon
first Spaniard to sail to Florida
fountain of youth myth
destruction of indigenous people
1539
Hernando de Soto
followed Ponce de Leon
1540
Francisco de Coronado
went up the coast to California
Period: 1550 to 1551
The Valladolid Debate
ordered and watched by the King of Spain (and kinda France)
between Bartolome de Las Casas and Juan Gines de Sepulvida
Bartolome de Las Casas was a Catholic priest who didn't support enslavement of indigenous people
Juan Gines de Sepulvida supported enslavement of indigenous people
both claimed to win the debate
Juan de Onate
followed Francisco de Coronado
Period: to
Salutary Neglect
an unstated policy where colonists are allowed to manage their own political and economic affairs
in the 1660s - 1763, the british tried to gain control over the colonies with the navigation acts, but enforcement is weak
Period: to
Anglo-Powhatan Wars
between the Powhatan Confederacy and English settlers in Virginia
conflict over English expansion into indigenous territory
Period: to
Starvation in English Colonies
80% of english colonists died due to starvation, disease, unsanitary conditions, and dysentary
John Smith said "he that will not work, will not eat" in response to lazy wealthy people disregarding workers who were dying
House of Burgesses
the first representative assembly of America
english colonists were used to having more representation in government
protested against taxation without representation in colonies
more local control
Period: to
Pequot Wars
war between English settlers and Native Americans in New England
Period: to
Navigation Acts
all goods sent to colonies had to be on english ships
enumerated goods produced by the colonies (wool, sugar, tobacco, indigo, etc.) had to be shipped to england
all foreign goods had to travel through england before reaching the colonies in order to get rid of competition items for english merchants in the colonies
Period: to
Slave Codes
enslavement based on race
enslaved defined as property (dehumanization)
limited freedoms for all Black people in the colonies
enslavement inherited at birth
expanded freedoms for white immigrants because they were racially discriminated against
Period: to
King Philip's War
a chief united several indigenous tribes and attacked English settlers
Period: to
Bacon's Rebellion
an impoverished farmer raised a rebellion against the Virginian government
united several minority groups to fight against their oppressors (the white and wealthy and indigenous)
protested against high taxes, falling tobacco prices, and hostile Native Americans nearby
however, it resulted in tobacco plantation owners to use enslaved instead of indentured servants because they had more freedom to protest than the enslaved
Pueblo Revolt
occurred in modern day New Mexico
also known as Pope's rebellion (a person named Pope)
protesting against Spanish colonization and persecution of religious leaders
Pope was beaten twice and still led the revolt
400 people killed
3,000 - 4,000 Spanish colonizers forced out of the area for 12 years
successful rebellion
later on, when the Spanish returned, there was more integration of indigenous religious beliefs in Catholic practices in this area
Period: to
Enlightenment
reason over ignorance, superstition, fanaticism, and tyranny
social contract by John Locke
equal rights for all men
inalienable rights
separation of government powers
some believed in popular sovereignty, some thought people were too stupid
new religious sects to emphasize the individual control that each person has over how their worship
Period: to
First Great Awakening
revivalism
pietism
Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield
sinners in the hands of an angry god
more emotional sermons that drew LARGE crowds of people and enabled speaking tours
protestants divided into rationalists and revivalists
ideas of Cotton Mather that used religious ideas to justify white supremacy
created a sense of American identity across the colonies, united in a single emotional community