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- Americas = new world
- Afro-Eurasia = old world
- from the Americas to Afro-Eurasia = maize, potatoes, squash, tomatoes - which caused increased quality of life and nutrition in Afro-Eurasia
- from Afro-Eurasia to the Americas = farm animals, sugarcane - which spread new diseases among indigenous people in the Americas
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- about 90% of the indigenous population died
- mostly due to the spread of European diseases
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- the catholic pope divided the Western hemisphere between lands to be conquered by Spain and Portugal, respectively
- revised the line of demarcation
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- first Spaniard to sail to Florida
- fountain of youth myth
- destruction of indigenous people
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- followed Ponce de Leon
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- went up the coast to California
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- ordered and watched by the King of Spain (and kinda France)
- between Bartolome de Las Casas and Juan Gines de Sepulvida
- Bartolome de Las Casas was a Catholic priest who didn't support enslavement of indigenous people
- Juan Gines de Sepulvida supported enslavement of indigenous people
- both claimed to win the debate
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- followed Francisco de Coronado
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- an unstated policy where colonists are allowed to manage their own political and economic affairs
- in the 1660s - 1763, the british tried to gain control over the colonies with the navigation acts, but enforcement is weak
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- between the Powhatan Confederacy and English settlers in Virginia
- conflict over English expansion into indigenous territory
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- 80% of english colonists died due to starvation, disease, unsanitary conditions, and dysentary
- John Smith said "he that will not work, will not eat" in response to lazy wealthy people disregarding workers who were dying
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- the first representative assembly of America
- english colonists were used to having more representation in government
- protested against taxation without representation in colonies
- more local control
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- war between English settlers and Native Americans in New England
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- all goods sent to colonies had to be on english ships
- enumerated goods produced by the colonies (wool, sugar, tobacco, indigo, etc.) had to be shipped to england
- all foreign goods had to travel through england before reaching the colonies in order to get rid of competition items for english merchants in the colonies
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- enslavement based on race
- enslaved defined as property (dehumanization)
- limited freedoms for all Black people in the colonies
- enslavement inherited at birth
- expanded freedoms for white immigrants because they were racially discriminated against
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- a chief united several indigenous tribes and attacked English settlers
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- an impoverished farmer raised a rebellion against the Virginian government
- united several minority groups to fight against their oppressors (the white and wealthy and indigenous)
- protested against high taxes, falling tobacco prices, and hostile Native Americans nearby
- however, it resulted in tobacco plantation owners to use enslaved instead of indentured servants because they had more freedom to protest than the enslaved
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- occurred in modern day New Mexico
- also known as Pope's rebellion (a person named Pope)
- protesting against Spanish colonization and persecution of religious leaders
- Pope was beaten twice and still led the revolt
- 400 people killed
- 3,000 - 4,000 Spanish colonizers forced out of the area for 12 years
- successful rebellion
- later on, when the Spanish returned, there was more integration of indigenous religious beliefs in Catholic practices in this area
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- reason over ignorance, superstition, fanaticism, and tyranny
- social contract by John Locke
- equal rights for all men
- inalienable rights
- separation of government powers
- some believed in popular sovereignty, some thought people were too stupid
- new religious sects to emphasize the individual control that each person has over how their worship
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- revivalism
- pietism
- Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield
- sinners in the hands of an angry god
- more emotional sermons that drew LARGE crowds of people and enabled speaking tours
- protestants divided into rationalists and revivalists
- ideas of Cotton Mather that used religious ideas to justify white supremacy
- created a sense of American identity across the colonies, united in a single emotional community