-
Jun 7, 1494
Treaty of Tordesillas
The Treaty of Tordesillas was signed on June 7, 1494, and divided the world between Spain and Portugal. The treaty established a demarcation line between the two countries, running from pole to pole, 370 leagues west of Cape Verde. The treaty granted the Spanish rights to all lands west of the line, and the Portuguese received lands east of the line. -
Aug 13, 1521
Fall of the Aztec Empire
The conquest of Tenochtitlán, the capital of the Aztec Empire, marked the beginning of Spanish dominance in the region and the establishment of the colony of New Spain. This conquest had profound consequences, as it led to the cultural assimilation, subjugation, and decline of indigenous civilizations in the Americas, while also paving the way for the emergence of a new social hierarchy dominated by Spanish conquerors and their descendants. -
Jul 24, 1534
Foundation of New France in Canada
New France was a French colony in North America that existed from 1534–1763. It included all of what is now New England, as well as the regions of Quebec, Acadia, and the Louisiana Territory. The capital of New France was Quebec City. -
Period: to
Roanoke Colony
The Roanoke Island colony was established in August 1585 by English explorer Sir Walter Raleigh. The colony was the first English settlement in the New World.The colony was established after the English became aware of Roanoke Island during an exploratory voyage in 1584. The first settlement was a military colony, and in 1587, a second expedition led by John White established a settlement colony. The settlement colony became known as the "Lost Colony of Roanoke". -
Foundation of Jamestown
Jamestown, founded in 1607, was the first permanent English settlement in North America. Established by the Virginia Company, it aimed to find gold and establish trade routes. Despite challenges like Native American conflicts and disease, it grew to become the capital of the Virginia Colony, shaping early American history. -
Period: to
Beaver Wars
The Beaver Wars, from 1609 to around 1701, involved Native American tribes like the Iroquois Confederacy vying for control of the fur trade. These conflicts reshaped indigenous politics and led to widespread displacement in the Great Lakes and Ohio Valley regions. -
Foundation of New Netherland
New Netherland was a colonial territory spanning parts of modern-day New York, New Jersey, Delaware, and Connecticut. Its primary settlement, New Amsterdam, served as a bustling trading post attracting a diverse population including Dutch settlers, Native Americans, and African slaves. Despite its commercial success and cultural vibrancy, conflicts with neighboring English colonies, notably over territorial claims, culminated in its capture by the English, leading to its renaming as New York. -
Foundation of Plymouth
Plymouth Colony, founded by the Pilgrims in 1620 in present-day Massachusetts, was an early English settlement known for religious freedom. Governed by the Mayflower Compact, it thrived with Native American assistance and celebrated the first Thanksgiving in 1621. It merged with Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1691. -
Period: to
First Anglo-Powhatan War
The First Anglo-Powhatan War was a conflict between English settlers of the Virginia Colony and the Powhatan Confederacy. It was ignited by tensions over land, resources, and cultural differences. The Powhatan launched a series of coordinated attacks on English settlements, resulting in hundreds of deaths and widespread destruction. The war ended with a tenuous peace agreement, solidifying English control in the region but leading to continued hostilities. -
Foundation of the Massachusetts Bay Colony
The Massachusetts Bay Colony was founded on March 4, 1629. It was established by the Massachusetts Bay Company, a group of Puritan settlers led by John Winthrop, seeking religious freedom. Located in present-day Massachusetts, it became a major political and cultural center in colonial America. Governed by strict Puritan laws, it played a crucial role in the development of representative government and religious tolerance in the New World. -
Foundation of the Province of Maryland
The Province of Maryland was founded on June 20, 1632. Granted by King Charles I to Cecilius Calvert, the second Lord Baltimore, it was established as a haven for English Catholics. Maryland's charter provided for religious freedom, attracting settlers of various faiths. Its economy relied on tobacco cultivation and trade. Maryland became a proprietary colony and later a royal colony. It played a pivotal role in the religious and political history of colonial America. -
National Industrial Recovery Act
The National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) aimed to stimulate economic recovery during the Great Depression by promoting industrial cooperation and establishing codes of fair competition. It created the National Recovery Administration (NRA) to oversee industry codes, regulate wages, and encourage collective bargaining. Despite initial successes, the NIRA faced criticism for its complexity and was eventually ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1935. -
Foundation of the Province of Connecticut
The Province of Connecticut was founded on March 3, 1636. Originally settled by Dutch and English colonists, it became an English colony under the leadership of Thomas Hooker and others seeking religious and political freedom. The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, adopted in 1639, established a democratic government. Connecticut prospered through agriculture, trade, and manufacturing. It played a significant role in the American Revolution and became a state in 1788. -
Foundation of the Province of Rhode Island
The Province of Rhode Island was founded on March 24, 1636. Established by Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson, it was a refuge for those seeking religious freedom. Rhode Island was notable for its commitment to religious tolerance and separation of church and state. It became a safe haven for dissenters and minority religious groups. Rhode Island prospered through trade, shipbuilding, and agriculture. It played a significant role in the development of religious freedom and democracy in America. -
Period: to
Pequot War
The Pequot War was a conflict between the Pequot tribe and English settlers in present-day Connecticut. The war arose from tensions over land, trade, and competition for power. The conflict culminated in the Mystic Massacre, where English forces and their allies attacked a Pequot village, resulting in the deaths of hundreds of Pequot men, women, and children. The war ended with the Treaty of Hartford, which effectively dissolved the Pequot tribe as a political entity. -
Foundation of the New England Confederation
The New England Confederation was a short-lived alliance formed among Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Haven. It was established primarily for mutual defense against Native American tribes, particularly during the Pequot War and King Philip's War, and to coordinate efforts in intercolonial matters such as boundary disputes and extradition of criminals. The confederation dissolved in 1684 with the revocation of the Massachusetts Bay Colony's charter by King Charles II. -
Period: to
Second Anglo-Powhatan War
The Second Anglo-Powhatan War was a conflict between English settlers of the Virginia Colony and the Powhatan Confederacy. Sparked by grievances over land encroachment and English expansion, the Powhatan launched a surprise attack on English settlements, resulting in widespread devastation and loss of life. The English retaliated with brutal force, decimating Powhatan villages and food supplies. The war concluded with the Treaty of Peace and Submission. -
Foundation of the Province of Carolina
The Province of Carolina was founded on March 24, 1663, when King Charles II granted a charter to eight English noblemen, known as the Lords Proprietors, to establish a proprietary colony in the region south of Virginia. It was divided into North and South Carolina in 1712. -
Foundation of the Province of New Jersey
The Province of New Jersey was founded on June 24, 1664, when the territory was granted by Charles II of England to his brother James, Duke of York, who later became King James II. It was divided into East and West Jersey before being reunited as a royal colony in 1702. -
Foundation of the Province of New York
The Province of New York was founded on September 8, 1664, when the Dutch surrendered the colony of New Netherland to the English, who renamed it New York in honor of the Duke of York. It became a royal colony in 1685. -
Foundation of the Hudson's Bay Company
The Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) was founded under a Royal Charter granted by King Charles II of England. It was established as a fur trading company, and it played a significant role in the exploration and colonization of North America, establishing trading posts and forts throughout its territory. It became one of the largest landowners in the world, with vast territories under its control. The company's activities also had a profound impact on indigenous peoples and the fur trade economy. -
Period: to
King Phillip's War
King Philip's War was a conflict between Native American tribes and New England colonists, sparked by land disputes, cultural tensions, and colonial expansion. Led by Metacom, Native Americans formed an alliance to resist English colonization. The war saw brutal battles, massacres, and the destruction of many settlements on both sides. The English prevailed, leading to the decimation of Native American populations and a significant shift in the balance of power in colonial New England. -
Bacon's Rebellion
Bacon's Rebellion erupted in 1676 in colonial Virginia. Led by Nathaniel Bacon, it was a revolt against Governor William Berkeley's administration, fueled by grievances over economic hardship, political corruption, and Native American policies. Rebels, including indentured servants and frontiersmen, attacked Native Americans and burned Jamestown. Though suppressed after Bacon's death, the rebellion exposed tensions between the elite and lower classes, leading to reforms in Virginia's governance. -
Foundation of New Hampshire
The Province of New Hampshire was a British colony in North America, established in 1629 as a proprietary colony and later became a royal colony in 1679. Located in present-day New England, it was initially part of the Massachusetts Bay Colony but gained separate status due to political and economic differences. New Hampshire's economy relied on fishing, trade, and shipbuilding. It played a significant role in the American Revolution and eventually became a state in 1788. -
Period: to
Salem Witch Trials
The Salem witch trials were a series of hearings and prosecutions that took place in colonial Massachusetts. The trials began when several young girls in the town of Salem Village claimed to be afflicted by witchcraft, accusing three women of bewitching them. The accusations quickly spread, leading to mass hysteria and the arrest and trial of numerous individuals, mostly women, accused of being witches. -
Period: to
First Great Awakening
The First Great Awakening was a religious revival that swept through the American colonies. It was characterized by fervent preaching, emotional worship, and a focus on personal salvation. The movement emphasized individual spiritual experience and a personal relationship with God, challenging the traditions of established churches. The First Great Awakening had a profound impact on American society, promoting religious diversity, democratization of religion, and social reform movements. -
Period: to
French and Indian Wars
The French and Indian Wars were a series of conflicts fought between the French and British colonists, alongside their respective Native American allies, for control of North America. Beginning in the late 17th century, these conflicts were characterized by battles over territory, trade, and alliances. The Treaty of Paris marked the end of the war, with France ceding Canada and most of its territories east of the Mississippi River to Britain. -
Albany Plan of Union
The Albany Plan of Union was proposed by Benjamin Franklin during the Albany Congress in June-July 1754. It aimed to unite the American colonies under a central government to address common defense and Native American relations. While not implemented, it laid the groundwork for future colonial unity efforts and influenced the development of the Articles of Confederation and the U.S. Constitution. -
Period: to
American Revolution
The American Revolution was a conflict between the Thirteen American Colonies and Great Britain. It arose from growing tensions over British taxation, colonial autonomy, and political representation. Key events include the Stamp Act, Boston Massacre, Boston Tea Party, and battles at Lexington and Concord. The Declaration of Independence declared the colonies' independence. The war saw victories like Saratoga and Yorktown, leading to the Treaty of Paris, granting the United States independence. -
Declaration of Independence
The Declaration of Independence was a proclamation by the Thirteen Colonies asserting their independence from Great Britain. It articulated the colonies' grievances against King George III and declared that all men are created equal, endowed with unalienable rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. The Declaration justified the colonies' right to self-government and served as a rallying cry for the American Revolution, inspiring similar movements for independence worldwide. -
Articles of Confederation
The Articles of Confederation provided a framework for a loose union of the thirteen American colonies during the Revolutionary War and the early years of nationhood. They established a unicameral Congress as the central authority, with each state having one vote. However, Congress lacked the power to levy taxes, regulate commerce, or enforce its decisions, leading to weaknesses in governance and financial instability. -
Northwest Ordinance
The Northwest Ordinance, enacted on July 13, 1787, outlined the process for admitting new states from the Northwest Territory. It prohibited slavery, established self-government, and granted equal status to new states. It played a vital role in the westward expansion of the United States. -
Federalist Papers
The Federalist Papers were a series of 85 essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay under the pseudonym "Publius." These essays were published between 1787 and 1788 to promote the ratification of the United States Constitution. The Federalist Papers addressed various aspects of government structure, political theory, and the advantages of the proposed Constitution, seeking to persuade the American public to support its adoption. -
Period: to
States to Enter the Union
1) Delaware, December 7th, 1787
2) Pennsylvania, December 12th, 1787
3) New Jersey, December 18th, 1787
4) Georgia, January 2nd, 1788
5) Connecticut, January 9th, 1788
6) Massachusetts, February 6th, 1788
7) Maryland, April 28th, 1788
8) South Carolina, May 23rd, 1788
9) New Hampshire, June 21st, 1788
10) Virginia, June 25th, 1788
11) New York, July 26th, 1788
12) North Carolina, November 21st, 1789
13) Rhode Island, May 29th, 1790 -
The Constitution
The Constitution of the United States outlines the structure of the federal government, establishes the separation of powers among its branches (legislative, executive, and judicial), and delineates the powers and responsibilities of each. The Constitution also guarantees fundamental rights and freedoms through the Bill of Rights and subsequent amendments. -
Judiciary Act of 1789
The Judiciary Act of 1789, enacted on September 24, 1789, established the federal judiciary system of the United States. It created the Supreme Court with a Chief Justice and five associate justices, as well as lower federal courts. The act outlined the jurisdiction of these courts, established procedures for appeal, and granted the Supreme Court the power of judicial review. It was a significant step in organizing the federal government and defining the role of the judiciary within the US. -
Period: to
Second Great Awakening
The Second Great Awakening was a religious revival movement. It was characterized by fervent religious enthusiasm, emotional preaching, and a focus on personal salvation and social reform. The Second Great Awakening emphasized individual conversion experiences, the importance of moral righteousness, and the idea of salvation available to all. It sparked the establishment of new denominations and led to the rise of social reform movements, including abolitionism, temperance, and women's rights. -
Period: to
First Bank of the United States
The First Bank of the United States was established to stabilize and improve the nation's credit and financial system after the Revolutionary War. The bank had the authority to issue currency, make loans, and manage the federal government's finances. The bank played a crucial role in establishing the foundation of American economic growth. Its charter expired in 1811 and was not renewed due to political opposition, leading to its replacement by the Second Bank of the United States. -
Bill of Rights
The Bill of Rights refers to the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution. It was introduced by James Madison and aimed to protect individual liberties and limit the power of the federal government. The Bill of Rights guarantees fundamental rights such as freedom of speech, religion, and the press; the right to bear arms; protection against unreasonable searches and seizures; the right to a fair trial; and protection against cruel and unusual punishment. -
Fugitive Slave Act of 1793
The Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 was a law that provided for the return of escaped slaves to their owners, even if they had reached free states. The act required citizens to assist in the capture and return of escaped slaves and imposed penalties on those who harbored or aided fugitive slaves. The Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 reinforced the institution of slavery and intensified tensions between Northern and Southern states over the issue of slavery and states' rights. -
Alien and Sedition Acts
The Alien and Sedition Acts were a series of laws passed by the United States Congress in 1798 during the presidency of John Adams. The Alien Acts targeted immigrants, granting the government power to deport non-citizens deemed dangerous and to restrict immigration. The Sedition Act made it a crime to publish false, scandalous, or malicious writings against the government, with the aim of suppressing criticism of the Federalist-led government. -
Marbury v. Madison
Marbury v. Madison held that the Supreme Court had the power to declare acts of Congress unconstitutional. The case arose from a dispute over a judicial appointment made by President John Adams in the final days of his presidency. While the Court ruled that Marbury was entitled to his commission as a justice, it also held that the law granting the Court the authority to issue such commissions was unconstitutional. -
Louisiana Purchase
The Louisiana Purchase was a landmark acquisition of territory by the United States from France in 1803. It doubled the size of the country, encompassing the entire Mississippi River basin and stretching from the Gulf of Mexico to Canada. Negotiated by President Thomas Jefferson and his envoys, the purchase was made for $15 million, or approximately four cents per acre, and formalized with the signing of the Louisiana Purchase Treaty. -
Period: to
Lewis and Clark Expedition
The Lewis and Clark Expedition was a landmark journey undertaken by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark. The expedition aimed to explore and map the Louisiana Territory, establish trade with Native American tribes, and find a water route to the Pacific Ocean. The expedition began in St. Louis, Missouri, and traveled up the Missouri River, across the Rocky Mountains, and down the Columbia River to the Pacific Coast. -
12th Amendment
The 12th Amendment revised the procedure for electing the President and Vice President by separating their ballots in the Electoral College. Prior to this, each elector cast two votes for President, with the candidate receiving the most votes becoming President and the runner-up becoming Vice President. The 12th Amendment established distinct ballots for President and Vice President, ensuring a clearer and more orderly election process. -
Embargo Act of 1807
The Embargo Act of 1807 aimed to pressure Britain and France to respect American neutrality by imposing a total embargo on American exports to all foreign nations. The Embargo Act had severe economic consequences for the United States, leading to widespread unemployment, bankruptcy, and smuggling. It was widely unpopular and ineffective in achieving its intended goals. -
Fletcher v. Peck
Fletcher v. Peck arose from a land fraud scandal in Georgia, where the state legislature had passed a law selling land to private developers. After the sale, the legislature repealed the law due to corruption allegations. The purchasers sued, arguing that the repeal violated the United States Constitution. In a unanimous decision, Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that once a contract is made, even if fraudulent or corrupt, it is still binding and cannot be invalidated by subsequent legislation. -
Battle of Tippecanoe
The Battle of Tippecanoe was a conflict between forces led by Governor William Henry Harrison and Native American warriors led by Tenskwatawa. Tensions had been escalating between Native Americans and American settlers over territorial expansion. Governor Harrison launched a preemptive strike against Prophetstown, the capital of the Shawnee Prophet's confederacy. The ensuing battle was inconclusive, but it dealt a blow to Native American morale and influence in the region. -
Period: to
War of 1812
The War of 1812 was a conflict fought between the United States and Great Britain. The war arose from a combination of maritime disputes, British interference with American trade, and American desires to expand its territory into Canada. The war ended with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent, restoring pre-war territorial boundaries and resolving most outstanding issues. -
Period: to
Second Bank of the United States
The Second Bank of the United States, chartered in 1816, aimed to stabilize the economy post-War of 1812. Modeled after its predecessor, it regulated currency, provided loans, and had branches nationwide. Despite its role in economic growth, it faced opposition and eventual closure after President Jackson's veto in 1832. -
Period: to
Panic of 1819
The Panic of 1819 was triggered by factors including over-speculation in western lands, the collapse of the post-war boom, and tightening credit policies by the Second Bank of the United States. The crisis led to widespread bankruptcies, foreclosures, and unemployment, severely impacting farmers, businesses, and workers. It lasted until the mid-1820s, contributing to the onset of the economic depression known as the Era of Good Feelings. -
Adams–Onís Treaty
The Adams-Onís Treaty between the United States and Spain, settled border disputes between the two nations. Spain ceded Florida to the United States and agreed to a boundary line extending from the Sabine River to the Rocky Mountains, defining the western border of the Louisiana Purchase. In return, the United States agreed to assume $5 million in claims by American citizens against Spain. The treaty solidified American control over Florida and paved the way for further westward expansion. -
McCulloch v. Maryland
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) affirmed federal supremacy over states, ruling Maryland's tax on the Second Bank of the United States unconstitutional. Chief Justice Marshall argued Congress had implied powers under the Necessary and Proper Clause, setting a precedent for federal authority. -
Missouri Compromise
The Missouri Compromise was a legislative agreement aimed at addressing the issue of slavery in the expanding United States. It admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, and it established a line across the Louisiana Territory, with slavery prohibited north of the 36°30′ parallel, except for within the boundaries of Missouri. The compromise temporarily eased tensions between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions but ultimately failed to resolve the underlying issue. -
Monroe Doctrine
The Monroe Doctrine declared that any attempt by European nations to extend their influence into the Americas would be viewed as a threat to the United States and would warrant American intervention. The doctrine aimed to prevent European intervention in the affairs of newly independent Latin American countries and to solidify American dominance in the Western Hemisphere. -
Gibbons v. Ogden
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) established federal supremacy over state laws in matters of interstate commerce. Chief Justice Marshall's ruling invalidated a state-granted monopoly, affirming the broad scope of the Commerce Clause and promoting national economic integration. -
Bureau of Indian Affairs
The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) is a federal agency within the United States Department of the Interior responsible for managing and administering the government's relationship with Native American tribes and Alaska Natives. Established in 1824, the BIA oversees various programs and services related to tribal governance, economic development, education, health care, and natural resource management. -
Erie Canal Completed
The Erie Canal was a waterway that connected the Great Lakes region to the Atlantic Ocean via the Hudson River. Stretching 363 miles across New York State, the canal provided a vital transportation route for goods and people, revolutionizing trade and commerce in the United States. The canal's success inspired the construction of other canals and waterways across the country, further facilitating westward expansion and solidifying New York City's position as a major port and commercial center. -
Tariff of 1828
The Tariff of 1828 was a protective tariff that aimed to protect domestic industries by imposing high tariffs on imported goods, particularly manufactured goods from Europe. However, the tariff disproportionately benefited Northern industrial states at the expense of Southern agrarian states, which relied on imported goods and feared retaliatory tariffs on their exports. The Tariff of 1828 sparked widespread opposition in the South, leading to calls for nullification and threats of secession. -
Period: to
Cincinnati Riots of 1829
The Cincinnati Riots of 1829 were violent clashes between Irish immigrants and native-born residents fueled by ethnic tensions and economic competition. Sparked by a funeral procession, the riots exposed prejudice against immigrants and prompted calls for greater tolerance and social integration. -
Indian Removal Act
The Indian Removal Act authorized the forced relocation of Native American tribes from their ancestral lands in the southeastern United States to territories west of the Mississippi River. The act was motivated by a desire to open up valuable land for white settlement and to facilitate the expansion of cotton cultivation. -
Period: to
Trail of Tears
The Trail of Tears was the forced relocation of Native American tribes from the southeastern US to Indian Territory in the 1830s. Mandated by the Indian Removal Act, it led to thousands of deaths due to harsh conditions and inadequate provisions, representing a tragic chapter in American history. -
The Liberator Begins Publication
"The Liberator" was an abolitionist newspaper that played a significant role in the movement to abolish slavery. "The Liberator" was used as a platform to advocate for immediate and uncompensated emancipation, denounce the cruelty and immorality of slavery, and promote racial equality. The newspaper had a wide readership and helped galvanize support for the abolitionist cause, inspiring many to join the fight against slavery. -
Nat Turner's Rebellion
Nat Turner's Rebellion was a violent slave revolt in Virginia, 1831. Led by Nat Turner, it resulted in the deaths of around 55-65 white people. The rebellion intensified debates over slavery and led to harsher laws restricting the freedoms of slaves. -
Nullification Crisis
The Nullification Crisis occurred when South Carolina sought to nullify the federal tariffs of 1828 and 1832, which the state viewed as unfairly benefiting Northern industries at the expense of Southern agricultural interests. South Carolina argued that states had the right to nullify federal laws they deemed unconstitutional. President Andrew Jackson, however, threatened military force to enforce federal authority. A compromise tariff was eventually reached in 1833. -
Period: to
Republic of Texas
The Republic of Texas was an independent nation from 1836 to 1845, formed after Texas declared independence from Mexico. It struggled with issues like Native American raids and financial instability before joining the United States as the 28th state in 1846. -
Gag Resolutions
The Gag Resolution aimed to silence debates and petitions regarding slavery. It automatically tabled, or postponed indefinitely, any antislavery petitions received by the House, effectively preventing them from being discussed or acted upon. It was primarily sponsored by Southern lawmakers who feared Northern abolitionist sentiments. -
Period: to
Panic of 1837
The Panic of 1837 was a severe financial crisis that gripped the United States and other countries. It was triggered by a combination of factors, including over-speculation in land and railroad investments, the collapse of state-chartered banks, and the suspension of payments by the Bank of England. The panic led to widespread bank failures, bankruptcies, and a sharp economic downturn characterized by high unemployment, falling wages, and plummeting property values. -
United States vs. The Amistad
United States v. The Amistad (1839-1841) involved enslaved Africans who revolted against captors. Supreme Court ruled in their favor, affirming their right to resist unlawful enslavement and contributing to the abolitionist cause. -
Prigg v. Pennsylvania
Prigg v. Pennsylvania arose when Edward Prigg, a slave catcher, was convicted under Pennsylvania's personal liberty laws for kidnapping a fugitive slave named Margaret Morgan. The Supreme Court ruled that states could not pass laws that obstructed the execution of federal fugitive slave laws. The decision invalidated state laws that provided protection to fugitive slaves and strengthened the power of the federal government over the issue of slavery. -
Invention of the Telegraph
The telegraph, invented by Samuel Morse in the early 1830s, revolutionized communication by transmitting electrical signals over wires. Morse's telegraph system, demonstrated in 1837, used Morse code to encode messages as sequences of dots and dashes. The telegraph enabled rapid long-distance communication, transforming commerce, industry, and diplomacy. -
Period: to
Mexican-American War
The Mexican-American War was a conflict between the United States and Mexico and was sparked by disputes over the annexation of Texas, which had declared independence from Mexico and subsequently joined the United States in 1845. The war was also fueled by territorial ambitions, with the United States seeking to expand its territory to the Pacific Ocean. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the war and recognized the annexation of Texas, California, New Mexico, and Arizona by the United States. -
Period: to
California Republic
The California Republic, also known as the Bear Flag Republic, was a short-lived independent state that existed for about a month in 1846. It was established by American settlers in California during the Bear Flag Revolt, a rebellion against Mexican rule. A group of about 30 Americans seized the town of Sonoma, raised a homemade flag featuring a bear and a star, and declared California's independence from Mexico. -
Wilmot Proviso
The Wilmot Proviso was a proposed amendment to a bill during the Mexican-American War debate. Sponsored by Congressman David Wilmot, it aimed to ban slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico as a result of the war. The proviso passed in the House of Representatives but failed in the Senate. Although it was never enacted, the Wilmot Proviso intensified the debate over the expansion of slavery in the United States and heightened sectional tensions between North and South. -
Period: to
California Gold Rush
The California Gold Rush started when gold was discovered at Sutter's Mill in California. News of the discovery sparked a massive influx of fortune seekers from around the world who came to California in search of gold. The Gold Rush had a profound impact on California's population, economy, and social fabric. Tens of thousands of people, known as "forty-niners," flocked to California, leading to rapid population growth and the development of new towns and cities. -
Seneca Falls Convention
The Seneca Falls Convention was the first women's rights convention to be organized by women. Led by prominent activists such as Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott, the convention adopted the Declaration of Sentiments, which outlined grievances against the unequal treatment of women and called for women's suffrage and other rights. -
Compromise of 1850
The Compromise of 1850 was aimed at resolving sectional tensions between North and South over the issue of slavery. It was proposed by Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky and brokered by Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois. Key provisions of the Compromise included California being admitted as a free state, popular sovereignty in New Mexico and Utah territories, a Texas-New Mexico boundary resolution the slave trade abolished in Washington, D.C., and a stricter Fugitive Slave Law. -
Uncle Tom's Cabin Published
Uncle Tom's Cabin is a novel written by Harriet Beecher Stowe. It is one of the most influential works of American literature, contributing to the abolitionist movement and intensifying anti-slavery sentiments in the United States. The novel tells the story of Uncle Tom and his experiences under various masters. It also depicts the harsh realities of slavery, including the separation of families, the brutality of slave owners, and the dehumanization of enslaved people. -
Period: to
Bleeding Kansas
Bleeding Kansas refers to the point where pro-slavery and anti-slavery settlers flooded into Kansas, each seeking to gain control of the territory and influence its future stance on slavery. This led to a series of violent confrontations, which captured national attention and heightened tensions between North and South over the issue of slavery. It also further polarized the nation along sectional lines, contributing to the outbreak of the Civil War just a few years later. -
Kansas-Nebraska Act
The Kansas-Nebraska Act was a significant piece of legislation that repealed the Missouri Compromise and paved the way for the expansion of slavery into new territories. Sponsored by Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois, the act organized the territories of Kansas and Nebraska and allowed the settlers in those territories to decide the issue of slavery through popular sovereignty, a concept that allowed the residents of a territory to vote on whether to allow slavery within their borders. -
Period: to
Third Great Awakening
The Third Great Awakening was characterized by a resurgence of evangelical Christianity and a widespread emphasis on personal salvation and social reform. During this period, a wave of religious fervor swept across the nation, leading to the establishment of new religious denominations and the growth of evangelical movements. The Third Great Awakening also inspired various social reform movements, including temperance, abolitionism, and the women's suffrage movement. -
Caning of Charles Sumner
Charles Sumner, a senator from Massachusetts and a staunch abolitionist, delivered a speech condemning the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the expansion of slavery into the territories. He particularly criticized Senator Andrew Butler of South Carolina. In response Representative Preston Brooks, took offense and confronted Sumner in the Senate chamber. Without warning, Brooks brutally attacked Sumner with a cane, striking him repeatedly over the head until Sumner fell unconscious on the Senate floor. -
Pottawatomie Massacre
In response to the pro-slavery violence and intimidation that plagued the region, John Brown and a small group of his followers attacked the settlement of Pottawatomie Creek. They dragged five pro-slavery men from their homes and brutally murdered them with swords, claiming to be avenging the earlier sacking of the free-state town of Lawrence by pro-slavery forces. -
Panic of 1857
The Panic of 1857 was a severe financial crisis that occurred in the United States, primarily as a result of economic factors such as over-speculation, the collapse of the railroad industry, and a decline in the price of agricultural commodities. The panic began in the summer of 1857 when the New York branch of the Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Company failed, leading to a wave of bank failures and a sharp contraction of credit. -
Dred Scott v. Sandford
Dred Scott v. Sandford dealt with the issue of slavery and the rights of enslaved African Americans. Dred Scott sued for his freedom on the grounds that he had lived in free territories and states with his owner. The Supreme Court, ruled against him, stating that African Americans, whether free or enslaved, could not be citizens and therefore had no standing to sue in federal court. Additionally, the Court declared that Congress lacked the authority to prohibit slavery in the territories. -
The Impending Crisis of the South
"The Impending Crisis of the South" is a book written by Hinton Rowan Helper, a Southern-born critic of slavery. The book argued that slavery was economically detrimental to the Southern states, holding back their development. Helper contended that slavery enriched a small elite class of plantation owners at the expense of the majority of Southern whites, who had little economic opportunity. He also argued that slavery inhibited industrialization and education in the South. -
Period: to
Utah War
The Utah War was a confrontation between the United States government and members of Mormon Church in the Utah Territory. Tensions arose due to the Mormon practice of polygamy, religious and cultural differences, and political disagreements. President James Buchanan dispatched a military expedition to Utah Territory, and they marched to Utah with the aim of establishing federal control. Ultimately, the Utah War ended without a major battle. -
Period: to
Lincoln-Douglas Debates
The Lincoln-Douglas Debates were a series of seven debates between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas. The central theme of the debates was the extension of slavery into the new western territories. Lincoln argued against the spread of slavery, emphasizing the moral wrongness of the institution. He also criticized Douglas's doctrine of popular sovereignty. Douglas defended popular sovereignty and portrayed Lincoln as a radical abolitionist who sought to abolish slavery everywhere. -
Raid on Harpers Ferry
The Raid on Harpers Ferry occurred when abolitionist John Brown led a group of followers in an attempt to seize Harpers Ferry, Virginia. Brown's goal was to initiate a slave revolt in the South by arming enslaved people with weapons from the arsenal. Brown and his followers captured the armory and several hostages, but their plan quickly unraveled as local militias and U.S. Marines surrounded the town and besieged the insurgents. After a two-day standoff, the raid was put down by federal forces. -
South Carolina Secedes
South Carolina's secession from the United States was a significant event that precipitated the chain of events leading to the American Civil War. South Carolinians viewed Lincoln's election as evidence of Northern aggression and feared that the federal government would move to abolish slavery altogether. South Carolina held a convention to consider secession. The convention voted unanimously to secede from the Union. -
Period: to
American Civil War
The American Civil War (1861-1865) was a conflict between the Union and the Confederacy over slavery and states' rights. It resulted in profound societal changes, including the abolition of slavery, and solidified the supremacy of the federal government. -
Homestead Act
The Homestead Act was a U.S. law that provided 160 acres of public land to settlers who agreed to live on the land, improve it, and farm it for a period of five years. The act was intended to encourage westward expansion and settlement of the American frontier by offering land to individuals, families, and freed slaves. By granting land ownership to homesteaders, the Homestead Act played a significant role in shaping the demographics and development of the American West. -
Emancipation Proclamation
The Emancipation Proclamation declared all enslaved people in Confederate-held territory to be "forever free." While it didn't immediately free all slaves, it shifted the focus of the war to abolition, encouraging enslaved people to flee to Union lines and join the fight against the Confederacy. The proclamation also paved the way for the eventual abolition of slavery in the United States with the passage of the 13th Amendment to the Constitution. -
Period: to
New York Draft Riots
The New York draft riots were sparked by anger over the Enrollment Act, which instituted a draft for the Union Army. Many working-class men resented being forced to fight in a war they saw as benefiting wealthy elites. The riots quickly escalated into widespread violence, with mobs attacking government buildings, businesses, and African American residents. The riots were eventually quelled by Union troops, but not before hundreds were killed and significant damage was done. -
Period: to
Crédit Mobilier scandal
The Crédit Mobilier scandal involved the fraudulent manipulation of contracts and excessive profits made by insiders of the Union Pacific Railroad through the Crédit Mobilier of America construction company. Prominent politicians and businessmen sold overpriced shares of Crédit Mobilier stock to members of Congress, effectively bribing them to secure lucrative government contracts for the railroad. The scandal tarnished the reputations of several high-profile politicians. -
Period: to
Reconstruction
Reconstruction's primary goals were to reunify the country, rebuild the South's economy, and integrate newly freed African Americans into society. Reconstruction involved several key initiatives, including the ratification of the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments. However, Reconstruction faced significant challenges, including resistance from Southern whites, who sought to maintain white supremacy through the enactment of Black Codes and the rise of terrorist organizations like the Ku Klux Klan. -
Freedmen's Bureau
The Freedmen's Bureau, established in 1865, aided newly freed African Americans by providing food, education, medical care, and employment assistance. It played a crucial role in Reconstruction but faced challenges and was disbanded in 1872 as Southern states regained control. -
13th Amendment
The 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified on December 6, 1865, and abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime. It was a landmark moment in American history, marking the end of legalized slavery in the United States and fulfilling one of the central goals of the Civil War. -
First KKK Formed
The first Ku Klux Klan (KKK) was founded in Pulaski, Tennessee, in 1865, by a group of Confederate veterans. Initially a secret society, it aimed to resist Reconstruction efforts and assert white supremacy in the South. The Klan employed intimidation, violence, and terrorism against African Americans and their white allies to maintain white dominance. It disbanded in the early 1870s but reemerged in the 20th century in various forms to oppose civil rights movements. -
Civil Rights Act of 1866
The Civil Rights Act of 1866 declared that all persons born in the United States were citizens, regardless of race, color, or previous condition of slavery or involuntary servitude. It also granted these citizens the same rights to make contracts, sue and be sued, and enjoy the full protection of the law as enjoyed by white citizens. -
Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
Congress passed the Tenure of Office Act, which restricted the president's power to remove certain officials without Senate approval, intending to prevent Johnson from replacing Lincoln's cabinet members. Johnson defied Congress by removing the Secretary of War, leading the House to impeach him on charges of violating the Tenure of Office Act. The Senate trial ended with Johnson narrowly avoiding conviction by one vote. -
14th Amendment
The 14th Amendment grants citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States, including formerly enslaved individuals, while also prohibiting states from depriving any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law and mandating equal protection under the law to all citizens, thus transforming the legal landscape and serving as a cornerstone of numerous landmark Supreme Court decisions. -
First Transcontinental Railroad
The First Transcontinental Railroad, completed in 1869, spanned 1,900 miles from Omaha, Nebraska, to Sacramento, California. It revolutionized transportation, commerce, and settlement in the United States, drastically reducing travel time and costs between the East and West coasts. -
15th Amendment
The 15th Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1870, aimed to ensure voting rights for all citizens regardless of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. It prohibited states from denying citizens the right to vote based on race, effectively extending suffrage to African American men. -
Period: to
Enforcement Acts
The Enforcement Acts were a series of laws aimed at combating the violence and intimidation perpetrated by white supremacist groups against African Americans and their allies during Reconstruction. These acts provided federal authorities with the power to prosecute individuals who violated the civil rights of others, particularly in the South, where Klan violence was most prevalent. -
Colfax Massacre
The Colfax Massacre was a violent confrontation in Colfax, Louisiana, between white supremacists and African Americans. The massacre stemmed from a dispute over control of the local courthouse, which had been occupied by African American militia members. The white supremacists launched a brutal assault on the courthouse, resulting in the deaths of at least 60 African Americans. -
Invention of the Telephone
The invention of the telephone is attributed to Alexander Graham Bell, a Scottish-born inventor, and scientist. Bell's invention of the telephone revolutionized communication by allowing people to speak to each other over long distances. The telephone quickly became an essential tool for business, personal communication, and emergency services, transforming society and connecting people in ways previously unimaginable. -
Period: to
Jim Crow Laws
Jim Crow laws were state and local laws enacted that enforced discrimination against African Americans and other people of color in various aspects of daily life. Jim Crow laws mandated separate facilities for African Americans and whites, leading to the establishment of "whites-only" schools, water fountains, restrooms, and seating areas on public transportation. These laws also limited African Americans' access to voting through poll taxes, literacy tests, and other discriminatory practices. -
Compromise of 1877
The Compromise of 1877 was an informal agreement between Democrats and Republicans in the United States Congress that resolved the disputed 1876 presidential election between Republican Rutherford B. Hayes and Democrat Samuel J. Tilden. As part of the compromise, Democrats agreed to accept Hayes as president in exchange for concessions from Republicans, including the withdrawal of federal troops from the South, effectively ending Reconstruction. -
Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom
The overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom occurred when a group of American and European businessmen, supported by US Marines, forcibly deposed Queen Lili'uokalani and established a provisional government in Hawaii. The overthrow was motivated by economic interests and a desire to annex Hawaii to the United States. The provisional government, led by Sanford Dole, sought annexation, which was eventually accomplished in 1898. -
Plessy v. Ferguson
Plessy v. Ferguson, decided in 1896, upheld racial segregation under the "separate but equal" doctrine. The Supreme Court's ruling allowed for state-enforced segregation in public facilities, endorsing the notion that facilities for African Americans could be separate from those for whites as long as they were deemed equal. This decision perpetuated racial discrimination and inequality in the United States until it was eventually overturned by Brown v. Board of Education in 1954. -
Period: to
Spanish-American War
The Spanish-American War was a conflict that was sparked by the sinking of the USS Maine in Havana Harbor, Cuba, and focused primarily on Cuba's struggle for independence from Spanish rule. Additionally, the United States sought to expand its influence and control in the Caribbean and the Pacific. The Treaty of Paris officially ended the war and granted Cuba its independence, while also ceding Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines to the United States. -
Wright Brothers' First Powered Flight
On December 17, 1903, Orville and Wilbur Wright achieved the first controlled, sustained flight of a powered aircraft at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. Their aircraft, the Wright Flyer, flew for 12 seconds, covering a distance of 120 feet. This groundbreaking achievement marked the beginning of modern aviation and is considered one of the most significant milestones in human history. -
Atlanta Race Riots
The 1906 Atlanta Race Riots were a series of violent racial conflicts that occurred in Atlanta, Georgia. The riots were triggered by sensationalized reports of alleged assaults by African American men on white women, stoking racial tensions in the city. Mobs of white residents attacked African American neighborhoods, resulting in numerous deaths, injuries, and extensive property damage. -
Production of Ford Model T Begins
The Ford Model T was the first mass-produced automobile, designed by Henry Ford and his team to be affordable, reliable, and easy to maintain. The Model T featured innovations such as interchangeable parts and assembly line production, which dramatically reduced manufacturing costs and made it accessible to the average consumer. -
Period: to
Great Migration
The Great Migration refers to the mass movement of African Americans from the rural South to the urban North and Midwest. This migration was driven by various factors, including the search for better economic opportunities, escape from racial segregation, and fleeing violence and discrimination in the Jim Crow South. The Great Migration led to the growth of vibrant African American communities in cities like Chicago, Detroit, New York, and Philadelphia. -
16th Amendment
The 16th Amendment to the United States Constitution, granted Congress the power to levy an income tax on individuals and corporations without apportionment among the states. This amendment marked a significant shift in American taxation policy, allowing the federal government to impose a direct tax on personal income for the first time. -
17th Amendment
The 17th Amendment to the United States Constitution established the direct election of United States Senators by popular vote. Prior to the amendment, Senators were chosen by state legislatures. The 17th Amendment aimed to increase democracy and accountability in the political process by allowing citizens to directly elect their Senators. This change was a response to concerns about corruption and the influence of special interests in state legislatures. -
Period: to
American Involvement in WWI
The American involvement in World War I began in 1917, after years of neutrality. Several factors led to the United States joining the war, including unrestricted submarine warfare by Germany, the sinking of the RMS Lusitania, and the Zimmermann Telegram. On April 6, 1917, the United States declared war on Germany, entering the conflict on the side of the Allies. American forces played a crucial role in the war, providing fresh troops, resources, and morale support to the Allied Powers. -
Period: to
Harlem Renaissance
The Harlem Renaissance was a cultural, artistic, and intellectual movement that emerged in the Harlem neighborhood of New York City. Fueled by the Great Migration, the Harlem Renaissance was a celebration of Black culture and identity. It encompassed literature, music, visual arts, theater, and more, and it produced a wealth of creative works that explored themes of racial pride, identity, and social justice. -
18th Amendment
The 18th Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages. This amendment was a response to the social and moral concerns surrounding alcohol consumption, including its perceived negative effects on public health, crime, and family life. Prohibition led to the rise of bootlegging, speakeasies, and organized crime, as well as widespread disregard for the law. -
Period: to
Prohibition
Prohibition refers to the period when the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages were banned nationwide. This era was marked by the rise of illegal alcohol production and distribution, speakeasies (illicit bars), and organized crime. Prohibition was fueled by various social and moral concerns, including the temperance movement's advocacy for abstinence from alcohol due to its perceived negative effects on society. -
19th Amendment
The 19th Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1920, granted women the right to vote, prohibiting the denial of voting rights based on sex. This amendment marked a significant milestone in the women's suffrage movement, which had been advocating for voting rights for women since the mid-19th century. -
Tulsa Race Massacre
The Tulsa Race Massacre began when a white mob, inflamed by allegations of a Black man assaulting a white woman, attacked and looted businesses and homes in Greenwood, ultimately leading to the deaths of hundreds of African Americans and the destruction of the neighborhood. The massacre was characterized by extreme racial violence, including shootings, arson, and the use of airplanes to drop incendiary devices on buildings. -
Scopes Monkey Trial
The Scopes Monkey Trial centered around a high school teacher named John Scopes, who was accused of violating Tennessee's Butler Act, which prohibited the teaching of evolution in public schools. The trial was widely seen as a clash between science and religion, with Darrow defending Scopes's right to teach evolution as part of academic freedom, while Bryan argued for the literal interpretation of the Bible and against the teaching of evolution. -
Period: to
Great Depression
The Great Depression was characterized by high unemployment, widespread poverty, bank failures, and a sharp decline in industrial production and international trade. It had devastating effects on individuals, families, and communities, leading to homelessness, hunger, and social unrest. The Great Depression ended with the onset of World War II and the subsequent economic mobilization. -
Black Tuesday
Black Tuesday refers to the day the United States stock market crashed, marking the beginning of the Great Depression. On this day, stock prices plummeted, causing panic selling and widespread financial devastation. The crash was preceded by a period of speculative excess and economic instability, and its impact reverberated throughout the global economy, leading to widespread unemployment, bank failures, and severe economic hardship. -
Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act
The Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act significantly raised tariffs on over 20,000 imported goods, aiming to protect American industries during the Great Depression. However, it sparked international retaliation and exacerbated the economic downturn by reducing international trade and deepening global economic instability. Many economists believe that the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act worsened the Great Depression by contributing to a collapse in global trade and worsening economic conditions worldwide. -
Period: to
New Deal
The New Deal was a series of programs, reforms, and policies enacted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in response to the Great Depression. The New Deal aimed to provide relief, recovery, and reform to address the economic and social challenges facing the United States. The New Deal also brought about significant regulatory reforms aimed at stabilizing the economy and preventing future economic crises. -
20th Amendment
The 20th Amendment to the United States Constitution shortened the time between election and inauguration. This amendment aimed to address the lengthy period between election and taking office, ensuring more efficient government transitions. By moving the start of the presidential term from March 4th to January 20th, and the start of the congressional term to January 3rd, the 20th Amendment modernized and streamlined the process of government succession. -
Emergency Conservation Act
The Emergency Conservation Act led to the establishment of the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), which employed hundreds of thousands of young men to carry out projects such as reforestation, soil conservation, and park development across the United States. The Emergency Conservation Work Act provided valuable employment and training opportunities during a time of economic crisis while also contributing to environmental conservation efforts that have lasting benefits. -
Federal Emergency Relief Act
The Federal Emergency Relief Act (FERA) aimed to alleviate unemployment and poverty by providing federal funds to state and local governments for relief efforts, including the creation of jobs, distribution of food and clothing, and provision of direct cash assistance to those in need. Under the leadership of Harry Hopkins, FERA disbursed billions of dollars in aid, helping millions of Americans survive the economic crisis. -
Agricultural Adjustment Act
The Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) was a New Deal program that aimed to raise crop prices by reducing surpluses through government subsidies to farmers who agreed to reduce production. The AAA also established the Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) to oversee the implementation of price supports and production controls. While the AAA helped to stabilize farm incomes and prices, it faced criticism for favoring large landowners and exacerbating rural poverty. -
Glass-Steagall Banking Act
The Glass-Steagall Banking Act established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) to insure bank deposits, separating commercial banking activities from investment banking activities. This separation, known as the Glass-Steagall firewall, aimed to prevent conflicts of interest, speculative trading, and excessive risk-taking by banks. -
21st Amendment
The 21st Amendment to the United States Constitution repealed the 18th Amendment, ending Prohibition and allowing for the legal sale and consumption of alcoholic beverages. This amendment reflected changing attitudes towards alcohol and addressed the social and economic challenges caused by Prohibition, such as the rise of organized crime and the loss of tax revenue. -
Social Security Act
The Social Security Act established a system of social insurance to provide financial assistance to retirees, the unemployed, and those with disabilities. It created the Social Security Administration (SSA) to administer the program, which included Old Age Insurance, Unemployment Insurance, and Aid to Dependent Children. -
Period: to
American Involvement in WWII
Over the course of the war, the United States played a pivotal role in both the European and Pacific theaters, providing crucial military and logistical support to the Allied powers. American forces fought major battles such as D-Day in Europe and the island-hopping campaigns in the Pacific, contributing to the eventual defeat of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan. Additionally, the United States played a key role in the Manhattan Project, which developed the atomic bomb. -
Period: to
Internment of Japanese-Americans
During World War II, the United States government authorized the internment of Japanese-Americans. Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066, which authorized the forced relocation and incarceration of Japanese-Americans living on the West Coast. Over 120,000 individuals, including American citizens and legal residents, were forcibly removed from their homes and placed in internment camps under harsh conditions. -
Period: to
Cold War
The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension and rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union. Characterized by ideological, political, and military competition, the Cold War was fought through various means, including propaganda, espionage, and proxy wars in regions such as Korea, Vietnam, and Afghanistan. The conflict was driven by contrasting ideologies of capitalism and communism, as well as competing geopolitical ambitions for global dominance. -
The Marshall Plan
The Marshall Plan was a landmark initiative launched by the United States in 1948 to aid the economic recovery of Western Europe after World War II. Named after U.S. Secretary of State George Marshall, the plan provided billions of dollars in economic assistance to Western European countries devastated by the war. The Marshall Plan aimed to rebuild war-torn economies, promote economic stability, and prevent the spread of communism by fostering prosperity and political stability in Europe. -
Period: to
Korean War
The Korean War was a conflict between North Korea, backed by China and the Soviet Union, and South Korea, supported by the United Nations forces, led by the United States. The war began when North Korean forces invaded South Korea. The conflict quickly escalated into a full-scale war, marked by intense fighting, large-scale military operations, and significant civilian casualties. The Korean War ended with an armistice agreement that established a demilitarized zone along the 38th parallel. -
22nd Amendment
The 22nd Amendment to the United States Constitution established term limits for the President of the United States. It limits individuals to serving two terms or a maximum of ten years in office. This amendment was enacted in response to concerns about executive power and to prevent the concentration of authority in the hands of a single individual, ensuring that no president could hold office indefinitely. -
Brown v. Board of Education
Brown v. Board of Education declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students unconstitutional. The case originated from several lawsuits filed by black families against local school boards, challenging the segregation of public schools based on race. The Supreme Court's unanimous ruling, overturning the "separate but equal" doctrine established in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), declared that segregation in public education was inherently unequal. -
Murder of Emmett Till
Emmett Till, a 14-year-old African American boy from Chicago, was brutally murdered in Money, Mississippi. Till had reportedly whistled at a white woman, Carolyn Bryant, while visiting a local store. Days later, Bryant's husband, Roy Bryant, and his half-brother, J.W. Milam, abducted Till from his great-uncle's house, brutally beat him, and shot him before dumping his body in the Tallahatchie River. -
Period: to
Vietnam War
The Vietnam War was a conflict between North Vietnam, supported by communist allies, and South Vietnam, backed by the United States and other anti-communist nations. Fought primarily to prevent the spread of communism, the war was marked by guerrilla warfare, heavy bombing, and significant civilian casualties. The conflict ended with the fall of Saigon in 1975, leading to the reunification of Vietnam under communist control and a significant defeat for the United States. -
23rd Amendment
The 23rd Amendment to the United States Constitution granted residents of Washington, D.C. the right to vote in presidential elections. Before this amendment, residents of the nation's capital did not have voting representation in the Electoral College. The 23rd Amendment aimed to address the lack of political representation for D.C. residents, ensuring that they could participate in the presidential electoral process and have their voices heard in national elections. -
24th Amendment
The 24th Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibited the use of poll taxes as a condition for voting in federal elections. Poll taxes required individuals to pay a fee in order to vote, effectively disenfranchising those who could not afford to pay. By abolishing poll taxes, the 24th Amendment aimed to eliminate a barrier to voting that disproportionately affected low-income voters, ensuring that voting rights could not be denied based on an individual's ability to pay. -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was a landmark piece of legislation in the United States that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. Signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on July 2, 1964, the act ended segregation in public places and banned employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. -
Food Stamp Act of 1964
The Food Stamp Act of 1964 established the modern food stamp program, which provided eligible low-income individuals and families with coupons or electronic benefits to purchase food at authorized retailers. The program aimed to ensure that all Americans had access to an adequate and nutritious diet, regardless of their economic circumstances. -
Social Security Amendments of 1965
The Social Security Amendments of 1965 were a significant expansion of the Social Security program in the United States. Signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson as part of his Great Society initiatives, these amendments created Medicare and Medicaid, two major government healthcare programs. Medicare provided health insurance to Americans aged 65 and older, while Medicaid offered coverage to low-income individuals and families. -
Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965
The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 abolished the National Origins Formula, which had favored immigration from Western European countries, and established a new system based on family reunification and skilled labor. The act led to a dramatic increase in immigration from non-European countries, particularly Asia and Latin America, and diversified the immigrant population of the United States. -
25th Amendment
The 25th Amendment to the United States Constitution established procedures for presidential succession and the filling of a vacancy in the vice presidency. It outlines the process for the temporary transfer of presidential authority in case of the president's incapacity or disability. Additionally, the amendment provides mechanisms for the vice president to assume the presidency if the president is unable to fulfill their duties, either temporarily or permanently. -
Civil Rights Act of 1968
The Civil Rights Act of 1968 was a landmark piece of legislation that aimed to address housing discrimination and promote fair housing practices in the United States. The act prohibited discrimination in the sale, rental, and financing of housing based on race, color, religion, or national origin. Additionally, the act provided protections against housing discrimination for individuals with disabilities and families with children. -
Stonewall Riots
The Stonewall Riots were a series of spontaneous demonstrations by members of the LGBTQ+ community in response to a police raid that took place at the Stonewall Inn in New York City in June 1969. The raids were a common occurrence at LGBTQ+ establishments at the time, but this particular event sparked resistance and protest. -
26th Amendment
The 26th Amendment to the United States Constitution lowered the voting age from 21 to 18, granting citizens aged 18, 19, and 20 the right to vote in all federal, state, and local elections. This amendment was enacted in response to concerns about the fairness of denying voting rights to individuals who could be drafted to fight in the Vietnam War but were not eligible to vote. -
Period: to
Watergate
The Watergate scandal originated from a break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate office complex in Washington, D.C. Investigations revealed that the break-in was orchestrated by members of Nixon's re-election campaign and that Nixon and his administration had attempted to cover up their involvement. The scandal unraveled through a series of revelations, including the discovery of secret recordings made by Nixon in the Oval Office. -
Roe v. Wade
Roe v. Wade was a landmark Supreme Court case decided in 1973 that established a woman's legal right to have an abortion under the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The case originated from a challenge to a Texas law criminalizing most abortions, filed by a woman using the pseudonym "Jane Roe." The Supreme Court's ruling declared that state laws banning abortion violated a woman's constitutional right to privacy. -
Period: to
Moral Majority
The Moral Majority was a prominent political organization in the United States founded in 1979 by conservative Christian leader Jerry Falwell. The organization aimed to mobilize conservative Christians as a political force and advocate for socially conservative policies, such as opposition to abortion, homosexuality, and secularism in public life. -
Period: to
Iran Hostage Crisis
The Iran hostage crisis unfolded when a group of Iranian students, who supported the Iranian Revolution and opposed the United States' support for the deposed Shah of Iran, stormed the U.S. Embassy in Tehran and took 52 American diplomats and citizens hostage. The hostages were held captive for over a year, enduring harsh conditions and psychological torture. The crisis deeply strained relations between the United States and Iran, leading to economic sanctions and diplomatic isolation for Iran. -
Period: to
Iran-Contra Affair
The Iran-Contra affair was a political scandal during the Reagan administration involving covert arms sales to Iran in exchange for hostages and the diversion of funds to Nicaraguan Contras. The scandal revealed illegal activities, including arms sales without congressional approval and the misuse of funds. It led to public outrage, congressional investigations, and convictions of several high-ranking officials. -
Malta Summit
The Malta Summit took place between U.S. President George H.W. Bush and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, marking the end of the Cold War era. Held aboard ships anchored off the coast of Malta, the summit was informal and symbolic, with both leaders discussing the dramatic changes taking place in Europe and the potential for improved U.S.-Soviet relations. -
27th Amendment
The 27th Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits changes to the compensation of members of Congress from taking effect until the beginning of the next term of office. Originally proposed in 1789 as part of the Bill of Rights, the amendment remained pending for over 200 years before finally being ratified.