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A religious and political conflict in the Holy Roman Empire that started with the Defenestration of Prague and ended with the Peace of Westphalia.The war had four phases they were the Bohemian, Danish, Swedish, and French.
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A conflict between Royalists supporting Charles I and Parliamentarians led by Oliver Cromwell that ended with the king’s execution and a Commonwealth.On the Cromwell Burger Charles I ruled and civil war broke out and Charles I was executed and the Commonwealth formed and Cromwell ruled as Lord Protector.
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Louis XIV ruled France as an absolute monarch from Versailles strengthening royal power.
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Louis XIV ruled France as an absolute monarch from Versailles, strengthening royal power.
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This document limited the monarchy’s power and created a constitutional monarchy. -
Parliament replaced James II with William and Mary establishing Protestant rule without major violence. -
The treaty ended the War of Spanish Succession and maintained the European balance of power. -
Maria Theresa ruled Austria and fought to defend her throne during the War of Austrian Succession.
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The Encyclopedia spread Enlightenment ideas by challenging traditional authority.
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A global conflict among major powers ended with the Treaty of Paris in 1763.
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Britain began industrializing as machines replaced hand production.
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Catherine the Great ruled Russia as an enlightened absolutist while expanding its territory.
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A peasant revolt in Russia challenged Catherine the Great’s authority.
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Adam Smith promoted free-market capitalism in The Wealth of Nations. -
Colonists rebelled against Britain using Enlightenment ideas to justify independence. -
Economic crisis and inequality led to the storming of the Bastille and the creation of the National Assembly. -
Enslaved people revolted and created the first independent Black republic.
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Robespierre led mass executions to protect the French Revolution. -
Napoleon seized power, ending the French Revolution. -
Napoleon crowned himself Emperor of the French. -
Napoleon dissolved the Holy Roman Empire. -
European leaders restored conservative rule and balance of power after Napoleon. -
Napoleon was defeated by the Duke of Wellington.