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1415
Prince Henry's Caper
Prince Henry's goal was to "capture the main Muslim trading depot [in] Morocco" (22). -
Period: 1415 to
History of Racism and Antiracism
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1450
"The Chronicle of the Discovery and Conquest of Guinea"
According to Kendi and Reynolds, "Zurara was the first person to write about and defend black human ownership" (25). -
1526
First Known African Racist
Johannes Leo, also known Leo Africanus, "echoed Zurara's sentiments of Africans, his own people [and called them...] hypersexual savages" (26-7). -
1577
Curse Theory
In Chapter 2 of "Stamped," Reynolds explains that "English travel writer George Best determined [...] that Africans were, in fact, cursed" (30). -
Jamestown's First Slaves
A Latin American ship was seized by pirates and "twenty Angolans [on board were sold to] the governor of Virginia"(36). -
Richard Mather's Arrival
Richard Mather was a Puritan who came to America to practice a "more disciplined and rigid" (32) form of Christianity. -
Cotton Mather is Born
Increase Mather and Maria Cotton had a son and "[t]hey name[d] him after both families. Cotton and Mather [became] Cotton Mather" (47). -
"Voluntary" Slaves
According to Richard Baxter, some "Africans [...] wanted to be slaves so that they could be baptized" (39). -
Creation of White Privileges
In response to Nathaniel Bacon's uprising, local government decided to give "all Whites [...] absolute power to abuse any African person" (45). -
First Antiracist Writing in the Colonies
The Mennonites were against slavery because they "equat[ed]" (41) discrimination based on skin color to discrimination based on religion. -
The Witch Hunt Begins!
Mather wrote a book "outlining the symptoms of witchcraft [and] in nearly every instance, "the devil" was described as Black" (49-50). -
First Great Awakening
Enslavers became more open to ideas about slavery saving the souls of enslaved people "until the First Great Awakening, which swept through the colonies... spearheaded by a Connecticut man named Jonathan Edwards" (53). -
American Philosophical Society (APS)
Benjamin Franklin created "a club for smart (White) people" (57) to discuss ideas and philosophy. -
The (American) Enlightenment
In the mid-1700's, "new America entered what we now call the Enlightenment Era" (56). -
Phillis Wheatley's Test
Wheatley "proved herself [as intelligent and] human" (60) by passing a test given by some of the smartest men in the country at the time . -
Declaration of Independence
Thomas Jefferson was writing the Declaration of Independence and he "wrote, "All men are created equal."" (68) which caused a lot of questions to rise. -
The Three Fifths Compromise
The The Three Fifths Compromise said that "Every five slaves equaled three humans" (73-74) meaning they were viewed as inferior. -
Haitian Revolution
"In August 1791, close to half a million enslaved Africans in Haiti rose up against French rule. A revolt that the Africans in Haiti won. Haiti would become the Eastern Hemisphere's symbol of freedom" (75). -
(Possibly) North America's Biggest Uprising
The revolt "would have been the largest slave revolt in the history of North America, with... fifty thousand rebels" (80) but two slaves had snitched and the revolt failed. -
Jefferson's Slave Trade Act
Thomas Jefferson brought "a new Slave Trade Act. The goal was to stop the import of people from Africa and the Caribbean into America, and fine illegal slave traders" (82-83). However the act didn't stop all this from happening. -
The Missouri Compromise
The Missouri Compromise "admit[ed] Missouri as a slave state, bu they'd also admit Maine as a free state to make sure there was still an equal amount of slave states and free states" (86-87). Meaning no one would be at a disadvantage. -
Garrison's First Abolition Speech
Garrison "worked as an editor of a Quaker-run abolitionist newspaper. He favored a gradual abolition-a freedom in steps. [He] was unafraid to speak out against colonization" (95-96). -
Nat Turner's Rebellion
Nat Turner "was a and a preacher[.]... [H]e [believes he] was called upon by god to plan and execute a massive crusade, an uprising that would free slaves" (98) but would also harm and get slave masters killed. -
AASS Abolitionist Pamphlets
The American Anti-Slavery Society decided to do "mass printing and an efficient postal service to overwhelm the nation with twenty to fifty thousand pamphlets a week" (99) as an attempt to end slavery. -
(False) US Census Report
In 1840 a US Census report "said that free Blacks were insane and enslaved Blacks were sane" (101) which is one of the false claims made during that time. -
"The Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass, an American Slave"
The book published in 1845 "outlined Douglass's life and gave a firsthand account of the horrors of slavery" (103). -
Uncle Tom's Cabin
Harriet Beecher Stowe's book, published in 1852 "became the biggest book of its time [and] was drawing more northerners to the abolitionists movement" (107). -
The Secession
All Southern states "start[ing] with South Carolina... left the Union [so] they could make up their own rules and live their lives as racist as they wanted" (114) which would eventually lead up to the civil war. -
Slave Act Repealed
After the Fugitive Slave Act, "a bill passed that declared all Confederate-owned Africans who escaped to Union lines or who resided in territories occupied by the Union to be "forever free of their servitude" (115). -
Lincoln's Death and Cause
After the civil war had ended, Lincoln delivered a plan that "Blacks (the intelligent ones) should have the right to vote" (117) which caused him to get shot three days later and died the following morning. -
William Lloyd Garrison's Retirement
William Lloyd Garrison "...believed that emancipation was [about to happen and that] his job as an abolitionist was done" (125-126). Although he retired, his team and followers continued fighting and had decided to focus on Black voting. -
American Anti-Slavery Society Disbanded
The American Anti-Slavery Society had disbanded because they had felt that "there's no more fight left. No reason to keep pushing" (130). The reason they felt this way was because the Fifteenth Amendment had became official and they thought it would solve everything. -
The Fifteenth Amendment
"[T]he Fifteenth Amendment was made official. The amendment made it so that no one could be prohibited from voting due to "race, color, or previous condition of servitude." (128-129) But there were still loopholes in this document.