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1543
Nicolaus Copernicus
1.) He proposed the heliocentric system which states that the earth goes around the sun and the sun is in the middle of the planet and proposed that other planets go around the sun as well. But this view was seen as heresy and Protestants and Catholics both worked together and finally banned the book. -
Francis Bacon
1.) Francis Bacon was known for his scientific and philosophical ideas and argued that the only way to obtain knowledge is to take observation and do it in a controlled environment for an essential understanding of nature. most of his inventions were the compass, printing, and gunpowder. and also Francis Bacon was arrested and charged with bribery and sentenced to the tower of London. -
Galileo Galilei
1.) Galileo Galilei was an astronomer who took some ideas from Nicolaus' book about the heliocentric model. and he manages to discover new planets to support this theory with his telescope such as the Moon, Jupiter, Venus, and the Sunspot. and he manages to invent the first-ever telescope and agreed with the heliocentric model. he was soon put under house arrest for the 8 years of his life and he was forced to say he will not do any more heresy and eventually died in house arrest. -
Rene Descartes
1.) Rene Descartes was a french philosopher and was considered to be the first modern philosopher and was famous for making a connection between geometry and algebra which solved geometry problems using algebra and how the idea of god is a clear and distinct idea and believed the idea of a soul and the human mind and body. and talked about philosophical ideas which are too many to count. -
Isaac Newton
1.) Issac Newton always wondered about gravity so he came up with a theory about universal gravity being anywhere and figured out the nature of white lighting and calculus and is considered to be one of the fathers of physics. and in his theory about gravity, he made Newton's law which states three basic principles of modern physics. and his formulation eventually made the law of universal gravitation. -
John Locke
1.) John Locke was an English philosopher who made modern theories that are still used in modern democratic countries today these theories also contributed to the foundation of limited and liberal governments and he also had areas in theology and is religiously tolerant. and wrote about how each man has three natural rights to life. such as Liberty, Life, and Property. -
Montesquieu
1.) Montesquieu was a french political philosopher who came up with the idea of a system called The spirit of laws he had an idea about ending slavery and how everybody should have rights and how there should be a constitutional government in charge. and believed in civil liberties and the law and how social and geographic location affect the community. and how in this constitutional government there should be different branches of government to prevent too much power to the leader. -
Denis Diderot
1.) Denis Diderot was a french philosopher and also writer and was known for his major work which is still a monument in France today the monument represents stranded scholarly knowledge and also the spirit of rationalism also he once said that education shouldn't be neglected. -
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Jean-Jacques Rousseau was a swiss philosopher who believe in a general collective will to aim for the Moral good he believed that good laws make good citizens and if the laws were bad they would make bad citizens and he also believed in natural rights. -
Voltaire
Voltaire was a French writer and was an advocate for freedom of speech against anything he criticized about the idea of Christianity and the roman catholic church and he believed in the idea of freedom of religion. and wrote some books and poems and other literary activities. and also believed in the separation of church and government. -
James Watt
James Watt was a Scottish inventor who was known for improving the steam engine and was a man of many talents. like a chemist and inventor. and he was known for being the most important contributor to the industrial revolution and was also considered as the father of mechanical engineering. -
Adam Smith
Adam Smith was a Scottish economist who was considered the father of modern economics and was well-known for his economics theories. and he is considered the father of modern capitalism. -
George Washington
George Washington was an American Military Officer and one of the founding fathers of America who served as the first president of the united states and was also in the secret organization which was the freemasons. and drafted the US constitution in 1775 and took many ideas from enlighted thinkers to make the US constitution of 1776. -
Thomas Jefferson
Thomas Jefferson was an American spokesman and one of the founding fathers of America and was the author of the declaration of independence and was also the third president of the United States and was known for his ideas that were radical for the time. and was considered bad. -
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was an Austrian musician and composer of classical music who made over 600 pieces of music of his and including some famous classical music and met Beethoven when he was 16 years old. and before he died he became poor. because a financial issue happened that went out of his control and his wife suffered multiple medical conditions. -
Maximillien Robespierre
Maximilien Robespierre was a French lawyer and he was known for leading the french revolution against the monarch he was also a statesman for France and he was also nicked named the reign of terror for the French revolution. and he was also considered a radical democrat. -
Miguel Hidalgo
Miguel Hidalgo was known as the father of Mexican independence and fought against the Spanish and was known for ending Spanish rule in Mexico but unfortunately, he got caught and was sentenced to death after he found up north making his escape. -
Simon Bolivar
Simon Bolivar was one of the most powerful leaders in South America he was known for liberating nations to become independent from Spain and he was known for ending slavery and the skin color system in the exSpanish colonies. he was considered one of the greatest leaders in South Americas