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Jan 1, 1348
Black Death
Caused a major change that would impact Europe for centuries, out of the Black Death, new art, new philosophy and new sciences were born. -
Jan 1, 1350
The Renaissance
The Renaissance introduced new artistic styles and advancements in critical thinking -
Jan 1, 1415
Council of Constance burns Hus and ends Great Schism
Jan Huss's death sparks the Hussite Wars soon afterwards, the rebellion against the church and the defeat of five papal crusades. -
Jan 1, 1450
Age of Exploration
Significantly helped in the advancement of geographic knowledge and the discovery of new trade routes. -
Jan 1, 1453
Fall of Constantinople; End of Hundred Years War
The fall of Constantinople helped fuel the Renaissance later in history, The Hundred Years War made France into a centralized state and how future wars were fought in Europe. -
Jan 1, 1455
Invention of Printing Press
The printing press increased literacy and the production of books, lowered the cost of books, one of the most influential inventions in the last thousand years. -
Jan 1, 1492
Columbus encounters America; completion of Reconquista in Spain
The discovery allowed an encounter between two worlds, his voyages sparked an interest in seeking land theough Spain. -
Jan 1, 1500
Protestant and Catholic Reformation
Led a series of relgious wars and let separate denomintions practice their faith -
Jan 1, 1500
Early Modern Society
Began the development of experimental science, politics, and cartography. -
Jan 1, 1500
Price Revolution
Marked the rapid increase of silver and gold to European countries. -
Jan 1, 1517
Luther posts 95 Theses
Helped start the Protestant Reformation movement, encouraged the people to question the Catholic Church and fueled future religious wars. -
Jan 1, 1519
Cortez conquers Aztecs
The Spanish now control areas of Mexico, vital for their new land and trade. -
Jan 1, 1520
Religious Wars
Weakened the authority of the monarchy, people were given rights to practice their faith. -
Jan 1, 1534
Act of Supremacy in England creates Anglican Church
The Act of Supremacy was a delcaration that the king would be the head of the Catholic Church in England, however this meant future conflict between the Roman Catholic Church and the Protestant Church. -
Jan 1, 1536
Calvin establishes reformed faith in Geneva
Geneva became known as a center for Presbyterian doctrines and groups around the world for many years. -
Jan 1, 1543
Copernicus publishes heliocentric theory
Copernicus's heliocentric theory launches a centuries worth of planetary findings and the start of the Scientific Revolution. -
Jan 1, 1543
The Scientific Revolution
An era of medical advancements, astrology, the universe as a whole, and new ways of thinking, -
Jan 1, 1545
Council of Trent opens
The Council of Trent further spread Catholicism to new lands, stopped the spread of Protestantism and and strengthened the Catholic doctrine in doing so. -
Jan 1, 1550
Dutch Comercial Dominance
Began an age of new economics, and the search of God, gold, and glory. -
Jan 1, 1550
Age of Crisis
Led a rise of revolts, famines and disease which resulted in depopulation. -
Jan 1, 1555
Peace of Augsburg end of religious war in Germany
The Peace of Augsburg officially ended the religious wars in Germany and granted Germany their independence along with other European states. -
Jan 1, 1580
The Witchcraft Scare
Saw the radical persecution of women under the church. -
Defeat of Spanish Armada
The defeat of the Spanish Armada meant England would be a world power, having access to better weapons and an introduction to naval warfare. This ended close-war fighting. -
Edict of Nantes ends French religious wars
Granted the freedom and equality for the Huguenots with some limits and ended the Wars of Religion. -
Commercial Revolution
The Commercial Revolution was marked by economic expansion and mercantilism as well as new trade networks. -
Dutch East India Company founded
The Dutch East India Company established colonies, negotiated treaties and waged wars. -
Baroque Art
Began a new styleof art in architecture, sculptures, and and paintings which expressed exaggerated emotional expression. -
Stuart monarchy begins in England
The Stuarts contributed to the English civil war and the Glorious Revolution -
Conflict Between Parliament and King of England
Parliament would end up having a higher authority in England -
Age of Louis XIV
The establishment of Versailles created a centralized state and consolidating monarchical rule over France. -
Peace of Westphalia ends Thirty Years War
Peace of Westphalia ended the Thirty Years War in the Holy Roman Empire. -
Charles I executed in England
Charles I's execution led to the English Civil War and the monarch's restoration. -
Absolutism
An era where belief that all monarchs held their authority from God, challenging the power of the church in political affairs. -
Commercial Wars
The Commercial Wars established English military and ended the Dutch republic's position of power. -
Rise of Prussia
The monarchs of Prussia wanted to maintain and prolong their authority -
Newton publishes "Principia Mathematica"
Newton's "Principia" is widely known as a start of the Scientific Revolution, helped with applied mathematics, and physics. It serves as a foundation for many other intellectuals of the time. -
Glorious Revolution; Peter the Great's reign begins in Russia
The Glorious Revolution replaced the King of England from absoslute monarchy to Mary and William of Orange. -
Rise of Russia
Russian monarchs laid the foundation for the future Russian state -
Bank of England founded
Many modern banks have been based on the Bank of England. England's defeat of France, England rebuild it's power by building the bank. -
Enlightenment
During the Enlightenment, European politics, philosophy and science experienced changes that led to many more advances. -
Agricultural Revolution
The agricultural productivity in Britian helped bring out the Industrial Revolution. -
Peace of Utrecht; Death of Louis XIV
The Peace of Utrecht ended the War for Spanish Succession, the treaty preserved the balance of power. -
Rococo Art
Rococo Art was not just a style, but a movement against preexisting artistic styles following strict rules of symmetry and shape. -
War of Austrian Succession begins
Began German Dualism between Prussia and Austria, Holy Roman Emperor was re established and Silesia remained to Prussia. -
The Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution allowed agricultural and rural communities all over Europe becoome industrialized and urban. -
Treaty of Paris ends Seven Years War
Ended the Seven Years War and marked the beginning of British authority in Europe. -
American Revolution; Smith Publishes "Wealth of Nations"
The 13 colonies fought against the British for certain rights. American government is based on Smith's "Wealth of Nations". -
Age of Revolutions
The string of revolutions eventually led to a change of government in Europe, from absolute monarchies to republics. -
French Revolution Begins
Established a democratic power in French government to represent the French people. The revolution was also focused on eliminating imperial rule. -
Feminism
The reasoning and philosophy from the Enlightenment brought forth the feminist movement and defending the rights of women in society. -
Rise of Nationalism
States such as Germany, Italy and Romania were brought back together with a national identity that swept the continent. -
Wollstonecraft begins feminist movement with "Vindication of the Rights of Women"
Moved the feminist movement, outlined the fundamentals of gender equality. -
Napoleon comes to power in France
Napoleon was Emperor of France and seized control of most of Europe, known as one of the greatest commanders in history that came to power in the first stages of the French Revolution. -
Romanticism
Romanticism was an artistic style which went against societal and political norms brought about from the Enlightenment. -
Abdication of Napoleon; Congress of Vienna
European countries turned against Napoleon, he was abdicated and exiled from France, most of the French gains were reversed and the government was restored by the Congress of Vienna. -
Rise of Liberalism
The rise of Liberalism eventually led to fundamental ideas of democracies such as fair elections and constitutions. -
Revolution in France; Belgian and Greek Independence
Linguistic, religious and political factors were reason for revolution and independence was eventually met. -
Revolutions of 1848; Marx and Engels publish "Communist Manifesto"
"Communist Manifesto" known as the most influential political literary works. It outlines the problems of capitalism. -
Unification and Nation-Building
Unification brought on religious and social tensions in the new nations. -
Realism and Materialism
The influence of materialism and realism was seen in the scientific community through the evolution of natural selection and a principle of many other scientific findings. -
Second Industrial Revolution
The second Industrial Revolution was marked by the increase use of iron and steel production, heavy machinery, steam power, railroads, and the beginning of electric use. -
Imperialism
By the beginning of the 20th century, almost all societies in Africa and Asia were under a colonial rule. -
Modern Ideas and Science
New evolutionary ideas and theories led to evolutionary principles and eventually the acceptance of these ideas. -
Rise of Modern Society
A rise in modernism, or a modernist thought led to quantum physics, genetics, analytic philosophy, and pantonal music. The idea was that all things could be perfected and revised, the opposite of realism. -
Crystal Palace Exhibition in Britain
The Crystal Palace was a national center of enlightenment for people, used to symbolize the military and national power Great Britain had. -
Britian establishes direct rule over India
Economy grows,new trade routes and goods, new territory. -
Darwin publishes "Origin of the Species"
Leda new era of scientific thinking of the human race and their origin. New theories were developed and an intellectual movement was born. -
Italy unified; Russian serfs emancipated
Italy's unification was outlined by Risorgimento, a literary and artistic movement. which wnatd the unification of Italy. -
Modern Art
Emphasizesd the need for change out of the usual with new perspectives and new ideas of material and nature. -
Unification of Germany
German unification bought an end to Austrian dominance in German affairs. The monarchy now worked to industrialize Germany and grow an a European power. -
Berlin Conference over imperialism in Africa
Berlin Conference regulated European colonization and trade if Africa during the Imperialism era. Germany experienced an increased colonial activity. -
Freud publishes "Interpretation of Dreams"
Freud's "Dream Interpretation" suggested new theories in a growing age of intellectualism. -
Einstein publishes theory of relativity; Revolution of Russia
Einstein's theory of relativity made him the most widespread of scientists -
World Wars
The World Wars introduced chemical warfare and new artillery, severed the increasing depression in Germany, the Versailles Treaty led up to the second World War. -
World War I begins
Mechanized as well as aerial warfare was first introduced in WWI. The US chose military involvement over isolation in this World War. -
Bolshevik Revolution in Russia
The Bolshevik eliminated class distinction and establoshed equality. The church had no more authorization in political matters. -
Treaty of Versailles ends World War I
The Treaty of Versailles ended the war between Germany and the Allied powers. Germany was to accept all responsibility for the war. This treaty left Germany with unresolved issues which led to the second World War. -
Totalitarianism
Many dictators rose to power in this manner with civil rights violations and harsh government policies which led to the World Wars. -
Fascists and Mussolini come to power in Italy
Mussolini under Facism leadership was a totalitarianism, developing facist organizations and doing less than what they promised the Italian people. -
Great Depression begins
Europe was not hit as harshly by the Great Depression as was the United States, but a couple years later. The Great Depression weakened the political systems through most of Europe. -
Hitler comes to power in Germany
Main force in World War II, Nazi party memberships were at an all time high. -
Munich Conference- height of appeasement
Hitler made a promise to not expand German borders any further, but he did not keep his promsie. -
World War II begins
Marked the end of European colonialism, two groups emerged from the World War to battle against each other in the Cold War. -
Cold War
A battle of power between communist and democracies, mainly through propaganda. Atomic warfare was now available. -
European Unity
The continent stays united after the years of war, unions and confederacies were established . -
World War II ends; United Nations founded
Out of World War II the United Nations emerged, ended european colonialism. -
NATO formed
A response by the Warsaw pact, but it also increased tension between the US and the USSR, -
European Coal and Steel Community formed
Used to unify countries after World War II established in the Treaty of Paris. It contributed to the expansion of the community and development of jobs and improvement of of standard living. -
Stalin dies
Stalin purged, executed, and exiled people in his lifetime. He oversaw the deaths of nearly 10 million people. -
Khrushchev's de-Stalinization speech; Hungary revolt
Four principal elements in the process, Khrushchev's speeches, his policies, freeing of intellectual life, and symbolism. -
Treaty of Rome creates EEC; Sputnik launched
Proposed the progressive reduction of a customs union. It worked to create policies of agricukture and common transport with goods, workers and services. -
Fifth Republic of France under DeGaulle
The Fifth Republic under DeGaulle wrote the Constitution of France and began his 7 year term as president. -
Berlin Wall erected
The Berlin Wall was erectedto make sure all 7 communist confederations would obey all policies. -
Second Vatican Council begins
Became known for its renewal of Catholic doctrine in the modern and changing world. One of the few doctrones changed was the change in vernacular language in Mass, -
Cuban Missile Crisis
Brought the world close to a third world war as well as nuclear war, this problem went along with the future Cold War -
Student revolts; Czech "Prague Spring" revolt
Rebllion against military and government elites. This influenced the Black Panther Party in the United States, most European countries were influened by this attack. -
Helsinki Accords
Recognized all territorial integrity of the European countries, it also oversaw the issue of human rights in the USSR. -
John Paul II elected pope
Second longest serving pope in modern history, he ended Communist rule in eventually all of Europe and was responsible for many reforms in the Roman Catholic Church. -
Soviet Union invades Afghanistan; Thatcher elected prime minister in Britain
A brutal attempt to intervene in the Kabul civil war by Moscow, assuming all political control over the area. -
Solidarity founded in Poland
The first trade union in a country affected by the Warsaw Pact that was not controlled by the communists. -
Gorbachev comes to power in Soviet Union
Put the country into terrible economic performance and was losing control over the Soviet empire. He is widely known for his reofrms which loosened communism. -
Berlin Wall and collapse of communism
East Germany decalred its changing political views on the West, soon after the Cold War was coming to an end. -
Break up of Soviet Union; Blakn conflicts began in former Yugoslavia
The people wanted democracy and there as no turning back, the result was 15 newly formed countries. Few wars came with the formation of these countries over teritorial issue. -
Maastricht Treaty created EU
Due to the collapse of communism by various reforms, thus creating the EU -
Euro currency introduced
Took over the form of European currency in the EU as an act of equality. -
Terrorist attacks on the United States
Europe expressed solidarity the day after the terrorist attacks, described as a "declaration of war".
