Major Innovations in the History of Biotechnology

Timeline created by lexis in Science and Technology

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Event Date:	Event Title:	Event Description:
09/21/1600	Invention of the microscope	Robert Hook & Anton Van Leeuwenhoek- observed the first microoganisms.
09/21/1850	Simple laws of inheritance of traits	Gregor Mendel- worked with pea plants, allowed one to predict the outcome of crosses with certain triaits.
09/21/1857	Lous Pasteur	Scientific basis for fermentation, wine making, and brewing of beer, established the science of microbiology, proposed germ theory, claiming microorganisms were responsible for infections diseases
09/21/1869	Nucleic Acid	Johann Miescher found nucleic acid in white blood cells from pus in bandages, later led to believe DNA might be inheritable material
09/21/1910	Studying fruit flies	Thomas Hunt Morgan; discovered genese were on chromosome
09/21/1928	Fred Griffith	using mice, showed that genetic material could moved from on strain of bacteria to another.
09/21/1928	Sir Alexander Fleming	isolated penicillin from a fungus. Many of his ideas are used to develope drugs
09/22/1935	Chargaff and DNA	he showed that in DNA the adenine and thymine equaled and the number of units if cytosine equaled those of guanine
09/22/1941	Beadle and Tatum	Proposed " one gene produces one enzyme" and established that indeed DNA was hereditary material.
09/22/1953	"Blender Experiment"	Hershey and Chase proved virues replicated using DNA and confirmed the role of DNA was hereditary.
09/22/1953	X-ray Crystallography	Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins established, and that DNA was indeed a double Helix
09/22/1953	Watson and Crick	Discvored the structure of DNA
09/22/1953	Discover of Plasmid DNA	Hayes discoverd it, a circular pieces of DNA found in bacteria.
09/22/1961	Walter Gilbert	Discovered the mechanism of gene expression through his study of messenger RNA
09/22/1962	Arber,Nathans,and Smith	discovered bacterial restriction enzymes that cut DNA
09/23/1966	Khorana and Nirenberg	Discovered the 64 condons that code for the 20 amino acids making proteins.
09/23/1967	DNA plasmids	Isolated and purified by Vinograd
09/23/1970	Madel and Higa	responsible for the first transformation of the bacterium Escherichia Coli
09/23/1972	Cloning	experiments were conducted by Boyer and Cohen
09/23/1973	Genentech	The worlds first genetic engineering company was founded
09/23/1976	140 scientists	met to draw up guidelines for work with recombinant DNA in microorganisms. Paul Berg was a key organizer
09/23/1977	Sanger and Gilbert	found a way to sequence DNA given an unknown piece of DNA, they were able to read the correct order of bases of adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine
09/23/1978	Boyer	inserted a synthetic insulin gene into E coli
09/23/1978	Botstein	found that one could be identified by the pattern made of ones DNA through a digest by different enzymes. This DNA fingerprint was called a Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism
09/23/1978	Louise Joy Brown was born	the first human baby resulting from in vitro fertilization in which sperm and egg are joined in a pertri dish. fertilized egg is later inplanted in a womb
09/23/1980	US supreme court	ruled that genetically altered life forms can be patented, this resulted in a huge startup of biotech companies
09/23/1980	Ohio University	scientists made the first transgenic animals
09/23/1982	Eli Lilly Company	placed a human insulin gene inside bacteria
09/23/1983	Schell, Chilton, Van Montagu, Farley, and Horsch	transformed plants with Agrobacterium- mediated gene transfer
09/23/1983	Kary Mullis	invented polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify DNA in the laboratory
09/23/1985	Jeffries applied RFLP	in DNA profiling to the study of criminal cases
09/23/1985	Automated Flourescence sequencer	speeding up the labor intense process.
09/23/1985	Gene gun	genes were moved into an organism
09/23/1994	NIH revised saftey guidelines	for recombinant DNA to include plants gronw in greenhouses and animals raised in barns
09/23/1996	Andrew Fire and Craig Mello	discovered RNA interference, silencing of genes, in the worm C. elegans
09/23/1997	Monoclonal antibody technology	used by Kohler, Milstein, and Jerne
09/23/1997	Yeast Artificial Chromosomes	Maynard Olson and Colleagues at Washington University, which are expression vectors for large proteins
09/23/1997	Ian Wilmut	cloned Dolly the sheep from an adult cell of ewe at Foslin Institute in Scottland
09/23/1997	DNA microarray technology	looking at the expression of all the genes of an organism at one time on a microscope slide or silicon chip was developed
09/23/2002	Ron Breaker	coined the rrem riboswitch for part of an mRNA molecule that can regulate its own activity and therefore gene expression
09/23/2003	Completion of Human Genome Project	by Francis Collins and Craig Venter, project provided the ability to find genes and gave rise to the sequencing of other genmoes
09/23/2011	Dabiri and Garner	invented an automated DNa sequencer that had a capability f sequencing 76800 base pairs per hour, 5 to 30 times faster than existing sequencers