History of Media

Timeline created by eskayone in History

Timeline Text view

Event Date:	Event Title:	Event Description:
05/04/1704	Boston Newsleter solicits ads	The earliest American advertising was in newspapers and was targeted to a small economically elite audience. The 1st successful American newspaper, the Boston Newsletter, began to solicit ads Ads then were merely simple announcements of what a show had for sale There were no brand names Newspapers got most of their revenue from subscriptions, not from advertising.
05/04/1704	1st Newspaper	successful
05/04/1741	1st magazine	US
05/04/1791	1st Ammendment Ratified	Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, abridging the freedom of soeech, or of the press or the right of the people peaceful assemble and to petition the gov for redress of grievances
05/04/1800	Laissez-faire	Caveat emptor (let the buyer beware) was the commercial philosophy There was little regulation of business This system is referred to as “Laissez-faire” policy
05/04/1830	Penny Press	brought much bigger circulations for newspapers. At the same time, the amount of advertising grew along with circulation, and ad agencies developed. inexpensive advertiser supported papers
05/04/1830	Industrial Revolution
05/04/1833	New York Sun	Benjamin Day created paper staff needed papers proved to be able to run on advertising
05/03/1839	Photo showing Motion	Eadward Muybridge
05/06/1841	First US Ad Agency	Volney Palmer of Philadelphia started the first U.S. ad agency His main function was to place ads.
05/04/1844	First Telegraph line	Samuel Morse 1st telegraph line between DC and Baltimore operating telegraph "brasspounding" led to radio development
05/04/1850	Photojournalism	Civil War first to be covered on camera Famous Photographers: Matthew Brady-portrait photos
05/04/1850	"Great Moon Hoax"	Richard Locke story about life on moon New York Sun
05/04/1850	Yellow Journalism	trashy articles to get attention sensationlistic concept tactic
05/03/1860	Peep shows	amusement parlors box-like contraption. Still photos rotated by turning crank
05/04/1860	Growth of Ad Agencies	30 such agencies in the US
05/04/1860	Dime Novels	pulp novels: paperback books printed on cheap paper made from wood pulp inexpensive fiction 10 cents
05/04/1861	Telegraph lines stretched across most of nation	Telegraph using wires provided instant comm across distances could not reach ships or remote terrian could only trasmit morse code
05/04/1866	Transatlantic cable	1st cable installed People were still riding in carriages
06/07/1876	Telephone Invented	Alexander Graham Bell
05/04/1877	Phonograph	Edison
05/04/1880	halftone	photographic image was produced by being broken down into dots that would appear as shards of gray on a page. Provided a way to put a photo directly into a newspaper/mag
05/04/1885	Magazines "Golden Age"	1885-1905 Number of mag doubled national medium
05/10/1887	Radio Waves	Heinrich Hertz demonstration of radio waves Hertzian waves Kilohertz Megahertz
05/04/1889	George Eastman invents celluloid film	George Eastman invents celluloid film
05/04/1889	Wall St Journal	Charles Dow & Edward Jones founded it
05/04/1894	Kinetoscope	Edison introduces kinetoscope parlors for viewing bits of film , show pics on camera film kinetograph a camera to take motion pictures
02/07/1896	wireless telegraphy	Guglielmo Marconi
05/04/1896	Nickelodeon	Edison introduces Vitascope projector Nickelodean theaters begin opening Motion Pic Patents Corp (Trust): Edison's Monopoly NJ NY
05/03/1899	American Marconi	Wireless Telegraphy
05/04/1900	Boston Publicity Bureau	First real publicity agency
05/04/1900	Dept Stores Ad Heavily	These stores receive new merchandise frequently and sold it quickly. (the older smaller dry-goods stores received new stock only twice a year.
05/04/1900	Non trust Filmmakers go Cali	escape Edison's process servers great weather for outdoor shooting scenary-various temperments barns to studios
05/04/1900	Ida Burnett	1st African-American woman reporter in the US Stories about lynching in Memphis, TN almost got her lynched
05/04/1900	Muckraking Magazines	Monopolies Meat packing in Chicago Ladies Home Journal Cosmo
05/04/1906	Voice Transmission	Reginal Fessenden 1 voice transmission
05/03/1907	Audion	Lee Deforest vaccuum tube great quality
05/04/1908	Christian Science Monitor	Mary Baker Eddy
05/04/1910	Dishonest Ads	Pure Food & Drug Act of 1906 (FDA) Federal Trade Act of 1914 (FTC) A heavy volume of dishonest advertising, especially for patent medicines, brought demand for regulation of advertising to clean it up Policy changed to something more like Caveat vendor (Let the seller beware)
05/04/1913	Ludlow Massacre	Ivy Lee, newspaper reporter, and the father of modern PR His most famous campaign was to rebuild the reputation of the Rockefellers, especially after the Ludlow Massacre of 1913. Lee dressed J.D. Rockefeller Jr. up as a miner and made him appear to care for the “peasants”. The 1,000 a month Lee was paid was money well spent by the Rockefellers Lee went on to serve other major clients: India, Vienna, GM, United Fruit, American Tobacco Company Lee eventually predicted that PR would die out, but he
05/03/1914	Audit Bureau of Circulations	verifies newspaper/magazine circulation figures for benefit of advertisers
05/04/1914	Committee on Public Information:	the WWI government PR operation, headed by George Creel, a journalist
05/04/1917	First Pulizter Prizes awarded	Beat Reporting Breaking News Reporting/Photography Commentary Criticism Editorial Cartooning
05/03/1919	German Expressionism	Dark, shadowy films
05/04/1920	Star System	Audiences began to demand to see popular actors. Theater owners demanded actors to help guarrantee box office success Studio executives created stars by placing actors and actresses under contract and promoting them
05/04/1920	Frank Conrad	Radio DJ owned radio news first
05/04/1922	First Radio commercial	Apt Rentals in NYC
05/04/1923	TIME & Life	growing importance of photography in magazines Famous Photographer for Life: Margaret Bourke-White
05/03/1925	Soviet Propaganda Films	Heroes are group not individual
05/03/1928	French Surrealism	symbol laden, irrational
05/04/1928	Network Radio	Network Radio gave ads national reach, greater impact
05/04/1929	Stock Market Crash	Corporate PR Sponsoring scholarships Repairing schools Building public parks and playgrounds Selling FDR’s New Deal plan
05/04/1930	Prominence of Radio	Radio was America's primary in-home srouce of entertainment till 1945
05/04/1930	Movies "Golden Age"	sound and color some of the greatest films 75% of Americans attended the movies every week Moviegoers were offered double features, newsreels, cartoons, door prizes
12/04/1933	Biltmore Agreement	Radio and News worked out compromise radio could only air news 2x a day and 5 min a time radio broadcasters found loopholes: commented on news instead of airing it Newspapers were helped by radio Radio could cover breaking/live news Overseas Broadcasts
10/31/1938	Radio Hoax	Orson Welles War of the Worlds broadcast
05/04/1941	First TV Commercial	Bulova Watches
05/04/1941	Pearl Harbor Attack	Radio's largest audience 60 Mill listened to Prs. Frank Roosevelt's response to attack
05/04/1942	OWI	Office of War information under Elmer Davis, former newspaper and radio man 1942. Promoting war bonds, victory gardens, industrial productivity, rationing
05/04/1945	Videotape	Developed by Germans in WWII
05/04/1945	WWII propaganda	newsreels "Lady Marines" Popular, focused on expected events (residual news) short films before movies (10) Started in France
05/04/1945	Margaret Bourke-White	Margaret Bourke-White Became first accredited woman war photographer in WWII
05/04/1946	Movie Going	75 % Americans went to the movies at least once weekly
05/03/1948	Paramount Decision	US Gov forces studios to sell theaters to end Block/Blind booking
05/04/1948	Network TV	rought in a great era for jingles, animated ads, slice of life ads, etc
05/04/1948	TV's "Golden Age"	1948-1958 HQ drams original material created by good writers good comedy ILOVELUCY Stereotyping rampant Minorities marginalized
05/04/1948	John Cameron Swazey	48-56 First TV newsman of note Camel Cavalcade of News
05/04/1949	TV replaces Radio for news	KFAX: 1st all news station SAN FRAN failed, turned into religious station
05/04/1950	Edward Murrow	Moved to TV worked with Fred Friendly known for documentaries Goodnight & Goodluck: against McCarthy: claimed Murrow was communist
05/04/1954	Sports Illustrated	sports photography
05/04/1955	TV in color
05/04/1956	Videotape Recorder	Ampex introduced first videotape recorder
02/03/1959	The day the music died	Plane Crash Buddy Holiday Richie V The big Bopper
05/04/1960	35,000 US PR workers
05/04/1967	Public TV
07/06/1968	60 Minutes	First TV newsmagazine show
05/03/1970	VCRs in the home	New Technology competition
05/04/1970	Rap Music Originates	Harlem/Bronx NY from DJa and MCs
05/04/1972	Watergate Scandal	1972-1974 investigative reporting of Wash Post reporters Bob Woodward, Carl Bernstein resulted in resignation of Pres Nixon Biggest Scandal of Era
05/04/1975	Videocassette Recorder	Sony brought out affordable Betamax videocassette recorder
05/03/1980	Reagan's deregulation efforts	Studios could buy theaters again
05/04/1980	CNN	24 hour/day news station Ted Turner Chicken Noodle Network bc of low cash 2 mill weekly, others used 15 min
12/04/1980	Movie Industry changed once TV was invented	Small suburban theatres emerged, drive-ins sound systems improved and wide screens futuristic names 'cinerama' color movies became standard Spectaculars: high budget films, cast of thousands Special Gimmicks: 3D effects, SmelloVision Themes of movies handled topics that couldnt be on TV
05/04/1982	1982 Tylenol scare	GOOD Crisis Management Seven people in or near Chicago died from taking Tylenol capsules laced with cyanide. Johnson & Johnson and its PR firm, Burson-Marsteller, were honest and open from the start.
05/04/1989	Exxon Valez Oil Spill in Alaska	BAD Example of Crisis Management: The spill, apparently the fault of the ship’s captain, put 240,000 barrels of crude oil into Prince William Sound, coating beaches, marshes, birds and sea life. Exxon never really developed a crisis management plan. Made no effort to take control of the flow of information. Didn’t respond or apologize immediately
05/04/1990	90% US homes have VCR
05/04/1990	Blogs	Matt Drudge
07/04/1991	Big Three lose viewers	CBS NBC ABC lose 1/3 of viewers to other channels
05/03/1996	DVDs in the home	Pirating- internet downloading of movies lawsuits encryption movies on demand
05/04/1997	FOX	Roger Ailes/Rupurt Murdoch conservative Matt Drudge covered first Big Story- Clinton
10/04/2005	Jeff Gannon	PR Excesses of the Bush Administration James Guckert (working as “Jeff Gannon”: planted at press conferences to ask softball questions.) Exposed
05/04/2006	Motion Picture Revenue	85% home viewing 15% theater viewing change in industry
05/04/2006	Movie Going 7.5%	7.5% Americans went once weekly or more Reasons for change: competition of TV/Internet Convenience of new on-demand tech high cost of theater tickets absurdly high cost of snacks
05/04/2006	FS View & FL Flambeau	1st College Newspaper to be bought by chain (Gannet: largest chain owning 85 daily newspapers in America)
05/04/2007	500,000 PR Workers
05/03/2009	Top grossing movies	as of 2009: Titanic 1997 Lord of the Rings 2003 Pirates of the Carib 2006
06/04/2009	Jon Stewart	Times Poll for most trusted news crossfire on CNN was criticized and shut down Entertainment Media
09/04/2009	Movie going	Recent 'recession bump' increased 16 % diversion in bad times
11/07/2010	US homes get TV various ways	Cable 60 % Satellite 25% Over-air 15%
01/29/2011	Display Ads	larger more interesting
05/04/2011	USIA	US Info Agency Promotes US ABROAD VOA: Voice of America aimed to overseas listeners
05/04/2011	Increase in Lobbyist	Since 1998, 43% of members of Congress who left office have registered as lobbyists (this is not a good thing)
05/04/2011	Social Media Usage	% of PR people using various social media: 86% Twitter 79% Blogs 78% Linkedin 77% Facebook 41% YouTube
05/04/2011	Jazz Journalism	Newly sensationalized journalism 1920: decade of the tabloid newspaper started in 1919 with NY Daily News. Used big photos on smaller page size Reporters "jazzed up" news- providing inconsisten facts
05/04/2011	90% of Americans listen to Radio every week	39% at home 35% in the care 23% at work
05/04/2011	News cycle in Digital Age	24 hr job news is constant embargos: cannot be put online until available in other forms scoop themselves: put on web or wait for morning paper?
05/04/2011	News Sources for Americans	.5 Adults get news from TV .25 people get it from newspapers .25 online or radio
12/04/2011	Biggest 4 Ad Groups	(take in 54% of ad agency revenues) Omnicom Group WPP Group Interpublic Group Publics Groupe
Timespan Dates:	Timespan Title:	Timespan Description:
05/04/1700 to 05/04/1800	Early Media
05/04/1800 to 05/04/2011	Media Development in 20th Century