The White Primary was a voting system that didn’t allow African- Americans to vote. The law was that African- Americans could vote in elections but it didn’t say anything about them having to vote in primary elections. In Georgia, it was illegal for African- Americans to vote in primary elections so when Georgia had an election, they called it a primary election even though it was really a general election.
White Primary is abolished in GA
In the King vs. Chapman case in 1946, the US Supreme Court ruled that white primary wasn’t constitutional and they removed the law. The 1946 primary ended up being the first time blacks were able to vote in a primary election.
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Integration of the Armed Forces
In February 1948, President Truman made the US armed forces integrate. He made Order 9981 that made the military end their discrimination of blacks. The main purposes of this order were that there were lots of racial tensions in the military and they needed much more men during the Korean War. The whites didn’t make a big deal out of the integration because they recognized that the African- Americans could help them in wars.
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Brown vs Board of Education
The Brown vs Board of Education was a lawsuit during the beginning of the 1950’s. Oliver Brown and other African- American parents tried to enroll their children into an all white school. The school didn’t allow these African Americans to join, so Oliver Brown and other parents went to the NAACP and hired lawyers to fight and get Linda into the school. In 1951, the NAACP filed a lawsuit against the Topeka Board of Education. The case went to the state level and lost. After they lost the case at
Brown vs Board of Education
1951, the NAACP filed a lawsuit against the Topeka Board of Education. The case went to the state level and lost. After they lost the case at state level, the NAACP took the case to the Supreme Court. In 1954, after three years, the case finally ended and the court was in favor of Linda Brown. Blacks could now go to school with whites.
http://tinyurl.com/5tahrw
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The Murder of Emmett Till
Emmett Till was a fourteen year old African- American boy who was visiting Mississippi from his hometown, Chicago. Emmett started talking to some white boys in Mississippi and showed them a picture of his white girlfriend. One of the white boys then told Emmett that “there was a white girl in the store over there and I bet you won’t talk to her. Emmett went into the store and bought some candy. As he was leaving he looked over to the store owner’s wife, Carolyn Bryant, and said, “Bye baby”.
The Murder of Emmett Till
The boys and Emmett didn’t think they did anything wrong and forgot about the incident. A couple days later, two white men, Rob Bryant, the store owner, and J.W. Milam, the brother-in-law, drove up to where Emmett was staying and kidnapped him. Emmett’s body was found a few days later in the Tallahatchie River. His head had a crushed-in bullet in it and one of his eyes was gouged out. Rob Bryant and J.W. Milam were arrested and the case went to a segregated court in Mississippi.
The Murder of Emmett Till
Finally, Emmett’s uncle finally stepped up and was the lawyer. The two kidnappers were found not guilty on the case. The impact on the case was that this was the first time blacks from the North really saw what happened to blacks in the South. Many African- Americans didn’t easily forget about the murder.
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Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott
On December 1, 1955, an African- American woman, Rosa Parks, refused to get out of a bus seat and let a white male sit in her bus seat. The rule in most southern states was that an African American had to give up their bus seat if the white seats were too crowded. The bus driver called the police and she was later arrested and fined $10 dollars. This event trigged a huge civil rights movement.
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Change to Georgia's state flag
In 1956, Georgia was pushed to change its state flag to a confederate flag. It changed the flag and the new flag became very controversial. Many people thought that the new flag was to honor the centennial of the Civil War while others believed it was a symbol against Georgia’s resistance to integration.
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Crisis at Central High School and the "Little Rock Nine"
In September 1957, nine black students, known as the “Little Rock Nine” tried to go to an all-white school in Arkansas called Central High School. Most of the Little Rock Nine tried to enter the school by the corner of the campus but the National Guard wouldn’t let them in. One black in the group tried to enter the North side of the school where she was met by an angry mob of students and had to get escorted out of the school.
Crisis at Central High School and the "Little Rock Nine"
This protest went to court and the judge demanded for the National Guard to leave the school. A week after the National Guard had all left the school, an angry mob of about 1,000 people stood outside the school. The state’s police tried to calm down the mob but were forced to bring in the U.S. Army. By October 1, the Little Rock Nine no longer needed to have the police escorting them to school anymore and everything calmed down.
Crisis at Central High School and the "Little Rock Nine"
One of the Little Rock Nine, Ernest Green, was the first ever African- American ever to graduate from Central High in May of 1958.
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Hebrew Benevolent Congregation in ATLbombed
Early October 12, 1958, the Hebrew Benevolent Congregation, which was known as “the Temple”, was bombed. The building was Atlanta’s oldest and most prominent synagogue. No people were injured or dead in the explosion. The person who was convicted on the bombing was George Bright, who was a member of the Columbians, a neo-Nazi organization in Atlanta.
Hebrew Benevolent Congregation in ATL bombed
George Bright bombed the synagogue because the rabbi was a civil rights leader and a friend of Martin Luther King Jr. http://tinyurl.com/7s54l2v
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Sibley Commission
In 1960, most Georgia schools refused to integrate. For this reason, John Sibley made up the Sibley Commission which was made to study the problem of Georgia school’s integration. It interviewed Georgians to figure out what they thought about integration. Most Georgians said they would rather close the schools and integrate. Sibley Commission thought that school systems should be able to decide if they wanted to follow federal law and integrate or not. Lots of private schools were then opened so
Sibley Commission
white students could avoid integrating.
http://tinyurl.com/7rakff4
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Freedom Rides
In 1961, two interracial groups would rode buses to the South. The blacks sat in the front and the whites sat in the back. When the bus stopped, the blacks would go into the white only areas and the whites would go into the black only areas. These trips were known as Freedom Rides. The point of the Freedom Rides was to get the Southerners to become very violent with the riders which would force the Federal government to step in.
Freedom Rides
The people in Alabama were very violent and stoned the buses, slashed their tires, firebombed them, beat the riders, etc. The Freedom Rides ended up getting what they wanted – President Kennedy to take a stand on civil rights. The Interstate Commerce Commission outlawed segregation in interstate bus traveling. The Freedom Riders ended up making a huge contribution to the civil rights movement.
http://tinyurl.com/274c4a
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Integration of The University of Georgia
On January 6, 1961, two African- American students, Hamilton Holmes and Charlayne Hunter, enrolled to the University of Georgia. This ended the University’s 160 years of segregation at the school. The rule during that time was that any school who admitted black students was immediately cut-offed funding for the school. The school's alumni and Georgian politicians tried to ask the Governor to close the school rather than allowing Holmes and Hunter to join.
Integration of The University of Georgia
The governor allowed Holmes and Hunter to attend and graduate the school and refused to stop desegregation.
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Albany Movement
In 1955, the Supreme Court made it illegal for segregation in interstate buses and train stations. In 1961, employees of the NAACP and SNCC tried to test the ruling and sat in the whites-only section of a bus in Albany, GA. They got arrested and this provoked the Albany Movement. The Albany Movement was led by Dr. William Anderson. In December 1961, Freedom Riders went into Albany and were arrested. The movement went on for five months.
Albany Movement
Martin Luther King Jr. thought the Albany Movement was a failure but many African- Americans living in Albany thought it helped. The Albany Movement didn’t completely stop the desegregation on buses and terminals in Albany but it formed a biracial committee to look African- American desegregation in Albany.
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Birmingham, AL protests
The Birmingham, AL protests were a series of nonviolent protests in Birmingham. The leader of these protests were Martin Luther King Jr. The protests involved lunch counter sit-ins, marches on the City Hall, boycott of downtown merchants, etc. The protests were a success and a huge part of the civil rights movement.
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Assassination of Medgar Evers
On June 12, 1963, Medgar Evers was shot down while walking to his house from his car. Medgar Evers was a civil rights activist. The person who was accused of the murder was Byron De la Beckwith, a white supremacist. Byron De la Beckwith was found not guilty because two policemen said they saw Byron at the time of the murder 60 miles away.
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March on Washington DC
In August 1963, Martin Luther King Jr. and more than 200,000 more people marched through Washington, DC. The gathering was a nonviolent protest led by MLK. In front of the Lincoln Memorial, Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his famous “I have a dream” speech.
March on Washington DC
The results of the march were successful but the march angered lots of Southerners. Nearly three weeks later, three men bombed a church in Birmingham and killed four innocent African- American girls.
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16th Street Baptist Church Bombing
On September 15, 1963, a bomb exploded under the steps to a church called 16th Street Baptist Church. The 16th Street Baptist Church was a common meeting place for civil rights leaders like Martin Luther King Jr. The bomb ended up killing four young African- American girls who were attending Sunday School at the church. The bombing was provoked when the SCLC and CORE were trying to start a campaign that African-Americans could vote in Birmingham.
16th Street Baptist Church Bombing
Robert Chambliss, a KKK member, was arrested for the crime. He was found not guilty of the murder but he had to serve a six month jail sentence for having a box of 122 sticks of dynamite without having a permit.
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John F. Kennedy assassinated
On November 22, 1968, President John F. Kennedy was shot and killed while riding a motorcycle in Dallas, Texas. He was the president during the time of the civil rights movement in the US. Lee Harvey Oswald was the accused of assassinating of John F. Kennedy. Two days later, Oswald was shot while going to the county jail.
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Civil Rights Act 1964 passed
On June 15, 1964, Richard B. Russell brought an end to the filibuster that was blocking to be able to vote on the bill of the Civil Rights Act 1964. After he successfully brought an end to the filibuster, the Court was now able to vote on the bill. The vote easily passed through by 73 votes to 27 when they voted. The Civil Rights Act 1964 was to put a stop on racial discrimination in common places like hotels, restaurants, theatres, etc.
Civil RIghts Act 1964 passed
The bill also allowed blacks to have equal employment opportunities in jobs. The bill was signed by President Lyndon Johnson.
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The murder of civil rights workers James Chaney, Andrew Goodman & Michael Schwerner
On June 21, 1964, three civil rights activists, James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, and Michael Schwerner were all brutally murdered. James Cheney was black, and Andrew Goodman and Michael Schwerner were both white. They had been in Mississippi trying to get blacks allowed to vote in Mississippi and were investigated a black church that had been burned done. The three were arrested by the police for random charges. They were jailed, and then they were released to Ku Klux Klan members.
The murder of civil rights workers James Chaney, Andrew Goodman & Michael Schwerner
The KKK members beat them and murdered them. The FBI arrested 18 men but they didn’t go to court because of “lack of evidence”. The federal government and again arrested the men. In 1967, seven of the men arrested went to jail and were found guilty of the murder. They all were sentenced to three to six years in jail.
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Voting Rights Act of 1965 passed
In 1965, Congress passed the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and made it legal for African- Americans to vote. The bill was passed to enforce the 15th Amendment that stated that all people could vote. The bill was signed by President Lyndon Johnson on August 6, 1965.
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Summerhill Race Riot (Atlanta)
In 1966, a riot started in Summerhill, Georgia. The riot started because a white police officer shot a black citizen who was suspected of stealing a car. The riot ended up killing one person but injuring twenty. Lots of people were arrested during the riot. Stokley Carmichael, a leader of SNCC, was one of the people arrested during the riot.
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MLK assassinated
On April 4, 1968, Martin Luther King Jr. walked out on his balcony and was shot by a sniper. Two months after MLK’s death, James Earl Ray was arrested and charged with the murder of MLK. He was sentenced to 99 years in prison. Many African- American’s mourned MLK’s death because he was a leader of the civil rights movement. He won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964. http://goo.gl/JmDOa
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all GA schools integrated
In 1971, Congress passed a law that made all GA schools integrate. Blacks and whites could now go to school together. The integration of all GA schools began witht the Brown vs Board of Education ruling. The ruling made Georgians ver angry and they attempted to slow down the integration process. Many GA schools didnt integrate and finally in 1971, GA made a court order that forced all GA schools to integrate.
http://mgagnon.myweb.uga.edu/students/3090/04SP3090-Jorda
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