DNA Timeline

Timeline created by brenda.mandel in History

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Event Date:	Event Title:	Event Description:
01/01/1950	Discovery of Equality in Nucleotides	Erwin Chargaff shows there are equal amounts of the nucleotides adenine and thymine (known as A and T) as well as equal amounts of guanine and cytosine (known as G and C) in every DNA strand,
01/01/1952	Proof that DNA Mediates Heredity	Martha Chase and Alfred Hershey demonstrate that not viral protein and viral DNA direct the reproduction of new viruses, thus confirming that DNA is the molecule that mediates heredity.
01/01/1952	Wilkins and Franklin X-Ray DNA	Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin take X-ray's of DNA crystals which later leads Watson and Crick toward their famous conclusions.
01/01/1953	DNA Structure Discovered	James Watson and Francis Crick describe the 3D structure of DNA as a double helix: two spiraling strands held together by complimentary base pairs (such as Adenine and Thymine or Cytosine and Guanine).
01/01/1959	Discovery that Extra Chromosome Causes Down's Syndrome	A total of three copies of chromosome 21 causes Down's syndrome as determined by Jerome Lejeune.
01/01/1966	Genetic Code Cracked	Francis Crick, H. Gobind Khorana, Marshall Nirenberg, George Gamow, and other scientists crack the genetic code -- 64 nucleotide triplets that make up a universal genetic code for all cells and viruses.
01/01/1968	Restriction Enzymes Isolated	Werner Arber isolates restriction enzymes in DNA.
01/01/1972	Paul Berg Creates First Recombinant DNA Strand	Building upon the work of a Stanford graduate student and his faculty advisor, Paul Berg uses restriction enzymes to splice DNA, thus creating the first strand of recombinant DNA.
01/01/1977	Sequencing of DNA Occurs	Fred Sanger and other scientists sequence a strand of DNA.
05/03/1977	First DNA Genome Sequenced	The first complete DNA genome to be sequenced is bacteriophage φX174
01/01/1985	PCR is Developed	Kary Mullis developes the Polymerase Chain Reaction, used to date the most accurate and sensitive methods for amplifying DNA.
01/01/1987	First Automated Sequencing Machine Produced	Applied Biosystems markets the first automated sequencing machine, the model ABI 370.
01/01/1995	First Published Complete Genome	Craig Venter, Hamilton Smith, and colleagues at The Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR) publish the first complete genome of a living organism, Haemophilus influenzae, a bacterium. Its publication in the Journal Science marks the first use of whole-genome shotgun sequencing, consequently eliminating the necessity of the initial mapping efforts.
01/01/2001	1st Draft of the Human Genome	A draft sequence of the human genome is published.