Biotechnology Timeline

Timeline created by biotech_6 in Science and Technology

Timeline Text view

Event Date:	Event Title:	Event Description:
01/01/1796	First Vaccine	Created by Edward Jenner for the smallpox disease. The vaccine derived from the weaker version of the disease, cowpox.
09/01/1803	First Public Vaccination Campaign	Smallpox produced the death of up to thirty percent of those infected, so Jenner's preventive method spread quickly. The Spanish government designed and supported a ten-year effort to carry smallpox vaccine to its American and Asian territories in a chain of arm-to-arm vaccination of children. An expedition directed by Doctor Francisco Xavier de Balmis sailed from Corunna in November 1803, stopping in the Canary Islands, Puerto Rico, and Venezuela. Balmis led a subexpedition to Cuba, Mexico, and
01/01/1866	Discovery of Genetic Inheritance Patterns	Gregor Medel discovers genetic inheritance patterns through his study with peas.
01/01/1928	First Antibiotic	Discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928, although mass production of it did not start until the 1940's.
01/01/1930	First Food Sterelization	French patent issued for the irradiation of food as a method by which to preserve foods and delay spoilage.
02/29/1944	Avery's Experiment	Oswald Avery and his collegues conducted an experiment in which they injected a mouse with a dead virulen t strand and a nonvirulent strand of the same virus in the same mouse to see whether the mouse would live or die. The mouse died and that DNA wasn't just proteins but a hereditary material. Also known as the McLeod's Experiment.
02/29/1944	McLeod's Experiment	Colin MacLeod and his collegues conducted an experiment in which they injected a mouse with a dead virulen t strand and a nonvirulent strand of the same virus in the same mouse to see whether the mouse would live or die. The mouse died and that DNA wasn't just proteins but a hereditary material. Also known as the Avery's Experiment.
09/01/1952	Hershey-Chase Experiment	An experiment conducted by Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase that proved that DNA was a genetic material. They had replaced the virus' DNA in the head with radioactive DNA and let the virus infect a cell, observing the cell to see the radioactive DNA was indeed in the newly infected cell.
04/25/1953	Discovery of DNA Structure	James Watson and Francis Crick publish a short article revealing their discovery and finding of the DNA structure.
08/05/1963	First Cloned Organism	Tong Dizhou cloned a fish by inserting DNA from a male carp into the egg of a female carp. There is dispute over if the carp or the tadpole was the first to be cloned; however, the results from the tadpole clone couldn't be produced again so some dub Tong Dizhou as the first to clone an organism.
01/01/1966	Discovery of Proteins	Khorana and Nirenberg discovered the 64 codons (the triplet code of 3 bases in DNA) that code for the 20 amino acids making up proteins.
01/01/1970	Discovery of Enzymes	Hamilton Smith and Kent Wilcox isolated the first restriction enzyme, HindII, that could cut DNA molecules within specific recognition sites
01/01/1973	First Recombinant Organism	Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer created the first recombinant DNA organism using recombinant DNA techniques pioneered a year earlier by Paul Berg. Cohen and Boyer removed plasmids, small rings of DNA located in a cell's cytoplasm, not the nucleus, from a cell. Then they used restriction enzymes to cut the DNA at precise locations and then recombined the DNA strands in the special configurations that they desired. Finally, Cohen and Boyer inserted the spliced DNA into E. Coli bacteria cells whic
01/01/1977	First Gene Sequenced	Sanger and Gilbert found a way to sequence DNA. Given an unknown piece of DNA, they were able to read the correct order of bases of adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine.
09/01/1978	Insulin	Insulin was first produced in 1978 by Genentech In Ecoli bacteria. Insulin was created by two articifial genes for the two proteins that comprise an insulin molecule.
09/01/1982	First Transgenic Animal	Scientist implanted foreign genes into a fertalized egg which they then transfered to a surrogate mother. The genes were documents by their functuality and further proved when the offspring where breed and passed onto their own offspring.
08/30/1983	PCR Technique Concieved	Developed by Kary Millis, this technique was created to amplify a piece of DNA in order to make a particular DNA strand. This technique is indispensable to the medical and biological research fields.
09/01/1990	Human Genome Project	A project that was intend to map out the entire human genome in order to understand the genes within the body and how they're effected by viruses and cancer. The project was successfully completed in 2003, two years ahead of schedule and under budget.
09/01/1994	First GM Crop Sold	The tomatos that were genetically modified so that they would ripen but not soften. They were proven to be a financial disaster and they where taken off of the market.
09/05/1998	Human Embryonic Stem Cell Line Established	James Thomas and coworkers of the University of Wisconsin derived the first human stem cell line. These pluripotent cells turned out to be able to turn into any type of cell in the body.